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C. jejuni LOS modifications modulate TLR4 signaling. THP-1 cells were stimulated with 10 ng/ml LOS for 20 h in the presence of either a 50 or 500 ng/ml concentration of the TLR4 antagonist lipid IVa, and TNFα levels were assessed by ELISA. Data points represent mean values for an individual strain from a minimum of four independent experiments. One-way analysis of variance was performed (**, p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; ns, not significant).
