Table 3.
Heart-Related Emergency Results Across Patient Types
| Dependent Variable: Mortality | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Age & Business Travelers | Business Destinations:
|
||||
| Age>=65 | Age<65 | Age <65 | Age<65 & Privately Insured | Age <65 & Privately Insured & Quarter 2–4 | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Local area: mean log(costs) | mortality | −0.036 (0.011) | −0.019 (0.008) | −0.023 (0.013) | −0.034 (0.012) | −0.032 (0.014) |
|
|
|||||
| Observations | 26614 | 10571 | 4722 | 2946 | 1841 |
| Mean of Dep. Var. | 0.068 | 0.033 | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.035 |
| B. Patient Income Level | ZIP Code Income Quartile
|
ZIP Code Fixed Effects | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bottom | 2nd Quartile | 3rd Quartile | Top | ||
| (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
| Local area: mean log(costs) | mortality | −0.031 (0.013) | −0.029 (0.016) | −0.025 (0.015) | −0.049 (0.012) | −0.022 (0.010) |
|
|
|||||
| Observations | 7840 | 7848 | 7861 | 7839 | 27356 |
| Mean of Dep. Var. | 0.054 | 0.058 | 0.057 | 0.066 | 0.059 |
| C. Comorbidities | Charlson Index
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
| None | Index = 1 | Index = 2 | |
| (11) | (12) | (13) | |
| Local area: mean log(costs) | mortality | −0.017 (0.009) | −0.039 (0.013) | −0.041 (0.015) |
|
|
|||
| Observations | 15050 | 12764 | 9371 |
| Mean of Dep. Var. | 0.032 | 0.066 | 0.087 |
| D. Quarter of Year | 1st Quarter | 2nd Quarter | 3rd Quarter | 4th Quarter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | |
| Local area: mean log(costs) | mortality | −0.024 (0.009) | −0.036 (0.015) | −0.042 (0.018) | −0.035 (0.018) |
| 17439 | 7816 | 4437 | 7493 | |
|
|
||||
| Mean of Dep. Var. | 0.051 | 0.069 | 0.063 | 0.060 |
| E. Top 100 Diagnoses: By Illness Severity | All | P(Mortality|Diagnosis) Quartiles
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bottom | 2nd | 3rd | Top | ||
| (18) | (19) | (20) | (21) | (22) | |
| Local area: mean log(costs) | mortality | −0.012 (0.0050)** | 0.0003 (0.0008) | −0.0028 (0.0025) | −0.016 (0.007)** | −0.030 (0.014)** |
|
|
|||||
| Observations | 229110 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.034 | 0.118 |
| Mean of Dep. Var. | 0.039 | 57388 | 60335 | 59869 | 51505 |
Each cell represents a separate regression with full controls, including diagnosis fixed effects. The models are estimated by OLS and the standard errors are clustered at the Health Service Area level. Business destinations include the cities where the fraction of visitors whose reason for travel is business in the 1995 American Travel Survey is greater than the median city. ZIP code fixed effects models are estimated for patients with non-missing ZIP code information.