Table 1.
Clinical and Neuroimaging Characteristics: Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP)
| All Participants (N=571) | Low Stress (N=159) | Moderate Stress (N=238) | High Stress (N=174) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | Mean (SD) | N (%) | Mean (SD) | N (%) | Mean (SD) | N (%) | Mean (SD) | |
| Age | 79.8 (5.9) | 79.8 (5.9) | 79.0 (5.8) | 80.4 (6.1) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 245 (42.9) | 73 (46.0) | 100 (42.0) | 72 (41.4) | ||||
| Female | 326 (57.1) | 86 (54.1) | 138 (58.0) | 102 (58.6) | ||||
| Race | ||||||||
| Black | 332 (58.1) | 78 (49.1) | 127 (53.4) | 127 (73) | ||||
| White | 239 (41.9) | 81 (50.9) | 111 (46.6) | 47 (27) | ||||
| Education (years) | 12.9 (3.7) | 13.4 (3.6) | 13.1 (3.7) | 12.4 (3.7) | ||||
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Ever | 286 (50.1) | 79 (50.3) | 118(49.8) | 86 (50.3) | ||||
| Never | 285 (49.9) | 78 (49.7) | 119 (50.2) | 85 (49.7) | ||||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 27.0 (5.1) | 27.2 (4.7) | 26.9 (5.4) | 26.8 (5.1) | ||||
| Physical Activity a | 2.5 (4.2) | 2.6(3.9) | 2.9 (4.7) | 2.0 (3.4) | ||||
| Chronic Conditions b | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 51 (9.0) | 10 (6.4) | 25 (10.6) | 16 (9.4) | ||||
| Heart Disease | 100 (17.7) | 33 (21.0) | 42 (17.7) | 25 (14.6) | ||||
| Stroke | 65 (11.5) | 15 (9.6) | 27 (11.4) | 23 (13.5) | ||||
| Hypertension | 461 (81.6) | 117 (74.5) | 173 (73) | 129 (75.4) | ||||
| Dementia | 81 (14.2) | 21 (13.2) | 29 (12.3) | 31 (17.8) | ||||
| Depressive symptoms c | 1.3 (1.8) | 0.8 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.6) | 2.1 (2.1) | ||||
| Perceived Stress d | 4.9 (3.3) | 1.1 (0.9) | 4.4 (1.1) | 9.1 (1.9) | ||||
| MRI measures e | ||||||||
| Total brain volume (%) | 74.3 (4.6) | 74.6 (4.5) | 74.6 (4.8) | 73.7 (4.4) | ||||
| WMHV (%) | −5.13 (1.09) | −5.18 (1.04) | −5.18 (1.08) | −5.0 (1.12) | ||||
| Infarcts (yes/no) | 153 (26.8) | 32 (20.1) | 64 (26.9) | 57 (32.8) | ||||
Note. Due to small numbers of missing values on smoking, blood pressure, chronic conditions, and depressive symptoms, Ns for these variables ranged from 558 to 565.
Physical activity measured by self-report using questions from the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Chronic conditions (except dementia) defined by self-report of a physician diagnosis of each condition; diabetes further defined by use of insulin or other medications for diabetes; hypertension also included measured blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher and/or use of anti-hypertensive medications; dementia defined by the loss of cognitive function and impairment in two or more areas during cognitive performance testing.
Depressive symptoms measured by 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; scores ranged from 0–10.
Stress categories based on approximate tertiles of the distribution of perceived stress scores.
Total brain volume calculated as (total parenchymal volume/total cranial volume) and white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV) calculated as natural log(white matter hyperintensity volume/total cranial volume). Infarcts defined as presence/absence of an infarction at least 3 mm in size.