Figure 4.
Aromatic region of 1H-NMR spectra from the nuchal gland fluid of Rhabdophis tigrinus. The gray bars highlight the three regions diagnostic of bufadienolides. (a) Fish-fed hatchling from toad-free Kinkasan Island, (b) adult from Kinkasan Island, (c) fish-fed hatchling from Ishima, (d) adult from Ishima. Bufadienolides are absent in (a) and (b); bufadienolides are present in large quantities in (c) and (d), as indicated by peaks in each of the highlighted regions.