Table 1.

Alzheimer's disease-type lesions induced by various TBIs in humans and in animal models.

AD-like lesions induced by TBI	Species	Type of injury involved	References
Amyloidogenic APP processing and Aβ accumulation	Mouse	Focal	Cribbs et al., 1996
		CCI	Hartman et al., 2002; Abrahamson et al., 2006, 2009; Loane et al., 2009; Tran et al., 2011a; Yu et al., 2012
		Closed head	Nadler et al., 2008
	Rat	Mild compression contusion	Lewen et al., 1995
		Lateral fluid-percussion	Pierce et al., 1996; Bramlett et al., 1997; Hoshino et al., 1998; Iwata et al., 2002
		Cortical electro-coagulation	Luth et al., 2001
		Traumatic axonal	Stone et al., 2002
		CCI	Blasko et al., 2004
	Rabbit	Rotational acceleration	Hamberger et al., 2003
	Pig	Rotational acceleration	Smith et al., 1999; Chen et al., 2004
	Human	Single severe head	Roberts et al., 1991, 1994; Gentleman et al., 1993, 1997; Graham et al., 1995; Ikonomovic et al., 2004; DeKosky et al., 2007; Uryu et al., 2007; Johnson et al., 2012
		Dementia pugilistica	Tokuda et al., 1991; Schmidt et al., 2001
Tauopathy	Mouse	Repetitive mild	Yoshiyama et al., 2005; Ojo et al., 2013
		Blast and/or concussive	Goldstein et al., 2012
		CCI	Tran et al., 2011a
	Rat	Lateral fluid percussion	Hoshino et al., 1998
	Pig	Rotational acceleration	Smith et al., 1999
	Human	Repetitive mild trauma/Dementia pugilistica	Tokuda et al., 1991; McKenzie et al., 1996; Geddes et al., 1999
		Severe closed head	Zemlan et al., 1999
		Single acute brain	Smith et al., 2003b; Johnson et al., 2012
		Blast and/or concussive	Goldstein et al., 2012
Neuroinflammation	Mouse	Repetitive mild	Shitaka et al., 2011; Ojo et al., 2013
		Fluid percussion	Carbonell and Grady, 1999
		CCI	Israelsson et al., 2008
		Laser-induced focal ablation	Davalos et al., 2005
	Rat	CCI	Smith et al., 1997; Koshinaga et al., 2000
	Monkey	Surgical lesion	Nagamoto-Combs et al., 2007
	Human	Various	Gentleman et al., 2004; Morganti-Kossmann et al., 2007; Ramlackhansingh et al., 2011; Johnson et al., 2013
Neuronal loss/apoptosis	Mouse	CCI	Lewen et al., 2001; Yatsiv et al., 2005; Tehranian et al., 2006
		Weight-drop	Hutchison et al., 2001
	Rat	Fluid percussion injury	Cortez et al., 1989; Dietrich et al., 1994; Rink et al., 1995; Sinson et al., 1997; Yakovlev et al., 1997; Conti et al., 1998; Pierce et al., 1998; O'Dell et al., 2000; Raghupathi et al., 2002
		CCI	Sutton et al., 1993; Clark et al., 1997, 2001
		Weight-drop	Pravdenkova et al., 1996
	Human	Various	Mantyla, 1981; Bigler et al., 1992; Clark et al., 2000; Ng et al., 2000; Liou et al., 2003; Hausmann et al., 2004; Nathoo et al., 2004

AD, Alzheimer's disease; CCI, controlled cortical impact.