Table 3.

Cyclooxygenase-independent direct cellular targets of NSAIDs and metabolites.

	Sulindac	Sulindac sulfide	Sulindac sulfone	Celecoxib	Valdecoxib	Aspirin	Salicylate	Indomethacin	R-etodolac	Reference
COX
COX-1	–	✓	–	–	–	✓	–	✓	–
COX-2	–	✓	–	✓	✓	✓	–	✓	–
COX-INDEPENDENT TARGETS
PDE5		✓	✓	✓						Thompson et al. (71), Tinsley et al. (61), Tinsley et al. (72), Klein et al. (75)
PPARγ								✓		Lehmann et al. (88)
PPARδ		✓						✓		He et al. (92)
RXRα		✓							✓	Kolluri et al. (98), Zhou et al. (100)
IKKβ	✓					✓	✓			Yamamoto et al. (104), Yin et al. (106)
PDK-1				✓						Zhu et al. (111), Arico et al. (112), Kulp et al. (113)
SERCA		✓		✓						Johnson et al. (117), White et al. (123)
CA IX/XII				✓	✓					Weber et al. (128), Di Fiore et al. (129)
Sp1				✓						Wei et al. (157)
AMPK							✓			Hawley et al. (168)