Table 1. Random-effect regression results, local authorities excluding those in Thames region.

			Unadjusted univariate modelsa			Fully adjusted model
Explanatory variable	Value	n	β	(95% CI)	P-value	β	(95% CI)	P-value
Mean stream sediment arsenic concentration (p.p.m.)	0–4	8	18.97	(0.87, 37.06)	0.040	10.73	(−5.47, 26.93)	0.193
	5–7	42	0.65	(−8.79, 10.09)	0.893	−4.49	(−13.21, 4.22)	0.311
	8–10	68	−9.67	(−17.69,−1.66)	0.018	−8.34	(−15.60,−1.08)	0.024
	11–14b	88	0			0
	15–19	29	3.83	(−6.66, 14.32)	0.473	0.32	(−8.99, 9.64)	0.946
	>=20	20	1.48	(−10.67, 13.63)	0.811	−5.85	(−17.90, 6.19)	0.339
Mean household radon concentration (Bq m−3)	0–39b	158	0			0
	40–44	20	4.93	(−7.02, 16.88)	0.417	2.08	(−8.56, 12.71)	0.701
	45–49	16	6.67	(−6.33, 19.67)	0.312	−1.94	(−14.02, 10.13)	0.752
	50–59	19	−1.98	(−14.32, 10.36)	0.752	3.08	(−8.23, 14.39)	0.592
	60–74	17	7.17	(−6.03, 20.37)	0.285	1.37	(−11.50, 14.23)	0.834
	75–99	13	17.44	(2.93, 31.94)	0.018	9.54	(−4.08, 23.16)	0.169
	>=100	12	20.81	(5.73, 35.89)	0.007	12.47	(−3.90, 28.84)	0.135
Mean daily hours bright sunshine	Per hour	255	32.09	(15.82, 48.35)	<0.001	35.46	(19.08, 51.84)	<0.001
Income deprivation score	Per quintile	255				−6.31	(−12.30, −0.31)	0.039
Employment deprivation score	Per quintile	255				9.85	(4.04, 15.65)	0.001
Education deprivation score	Per quintile	255				−7.99	(−11.99, −4.00)	<0.001
% working in primarily outdoor occupations	Per quintile	255				2.37	(−0.19, 4.93)	0.069
							‘Within'c R2	0.31

β are unstandardised coefficients predicting non-melanoma skin cancer directly standardised registration rate per 1 00 000 population per year.

^aNumber of local authority areas.

^bReference categories; due to low number of areas at extremes, 11−15 p.p.m. used as reference category for arsenic.

^cR² for the variance explained ‘within' regions, that is, excluding variance between regions.