Table 1.

Procedures used in pain studies that involve conditioning

Procedure	What aspect of pain is measured?	Advantages	Disadvantages
CPP	Ongoing pain, movement-evoked affective pain	Well validated, simple, apparatus commercially available	Cumbersome
CPA	Pain aversion of ongoing or evoked pain	Well validated, simple, apparatus commercially available	Cumbersome
PEAP	Pain aversion of evoked pain	Reasonably validated, simple, time-efficient, easy to adapt	Not automated and physically demanding
Passive avoidance test	Pain aversion of evoked visceral pain	Time-efficient, reasonably validated, easy to adapt	Only limited to visceral pain studies
Operant escape test	Pain aversion	Reasonably validated	Cumbersome, animals require extensive training
Drug self-administration	Analgesia induced reinforcement	Well validated, apparatus commercially available	Costly, technically sophisticated
ICSS	Pain aversion of evoked pain (?)	Apparatus commercially available, reliable behavioral data, animals are easy to maintain	Costly, technically sophisticated

Note: CPP, conditioned place preference; CPA, conditioned place aversion; PEAP, place escape/avoidance paradigm; ICSS, intracranial selfstimuiation.