Table 7. INTERMODAL NUMBER MATCHING.
Audio-Visual Preferential Looking and Violation of Expectation Procedures
| Study | Age | Quantities Tested | Preferred Matching Visual (for preferential looking studies) | Longer looking to Unexpected (for violation of expectation) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Starkey, Gelman, Spelke (1983, 1990) | 6-8 mos | 2 vs 3 | Yes | NA |
| Moore, Benenson, Reznick, Peterson, & Kagan (1987) | 6-8 mos | 2 vs 3 | No | NA |
| Mix, Levine, & Huttenlocher (1997) | 6-8 mos | 2 vs 3 | No | NA |
| Kobayashi, Hiraki, & Hasegawa (2005) | 5-6 mos | 2 vs 3 | NA | Yes |
| Jordan & Brannon (2006) | 6-7 mos | 2 vs 3 | Yes | NA |
| Feron, Gentaz, & Streri (2006) | 5 mos | 2 vs 3 | No (discrimination concluded) | NA |
| Izard, Sann, Spelke, & Streri, (2009) | newborns | 4 vs 8 | Yes | NA |
| Izard, Sann, Spelke, & Streri, (2009) | newborns | 4 vs 12 | Yes | NA |
| Izard, Sann, Spelke, & Streri, (2009) | newborns | 6 vs 18 | Yes | NA |
This table is a list of studies that have been conducted to investigate infants’ intermodal matching of quantities. Most of the studies used preferential looking procedures. One study used a violation of expectation procedure. Columns 4 indicates—for preferential looking studies— whether infants preferred the visual quantity that matched the auditory or tactile quantity. Column 5 indicates—for the one violation of expectation study—whether infants looked longer at the unexpected outcome of a visual-audio pairing.