Table 2. Means, SDs and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) for measures of depression and anxiety.
| Mean (SD) | Effect size Cohen’s d (95% CI) | Linear mixed models | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure and group | Pre-treatment | Post-treatment | 7-month follow-up |
Between-group, post-treatment |
Within-group pre-post-treatment |
Within-group pre-7-month follow-up |
Effect | p |
| PHQ-9 | ||||||||
| Treatment group (n = 50) |
13.90 (3.6) | 6.32 (4.2) | 5.55 (3.5) | 0.77 (0.37–1.18) | 1.93 (1.31–2.55) | 2.43 (1.72–3.14) | Group | .89 |
| Depression subgroup (n = 28) |
15.32 (3.3) | 5.89 (2.8) | 5.96 (3.5) | 0.95 (0.40–1.50) | 3.10 (1.87–4.32) | 2.82 (1.78–3.87) | Time | < .001 |
| Anxiety subgroup (n = 22) |
12.09 (3.3) | 6.86 (5.5) | 5.00 (3.4) | 0.55 (−0.06–1.16) | 1.12 (0.49–1.75) | 2.17 (1.11–3.24) | G × T | < .001 |
| Control group (n = 50) |
13.96 (4.7) | 10.26 (5.9) | 0.69 (0.40–0.97) | |||||
| Depression subgroup (n = 29) |
15.07 (4.4) | 10.59 (6.4) | 0.79 (0.37–1.22) | |||||
| Anxiety subgroup (n = 21) |
12.43 (4.7) | 9.81 (5.2) | 0.53 (0.20–0.85) | |||||
| GAD-7 | ||||||||
| Treatment group (n = 50) |
11.46 (4.0) | 6.12 (4.5) | 5.34 (4.1) | 0.48 (0.08–0.87) | 1.25 (0.79–1.71) | 1.51 (0.97–2.06) | Group | .85 |
| Depression subgroup (n = 28) |
10.86 (4.1) | 5.46 (3.9) | 5.19 (4.1) | 0.56 (0.03–1.09) | 1.35 (0.75–1.95) | 1.43 (0.73–2.10) | Time | < .001 |
| Anxiety subgroup (n = 22) |
12.23 (3.8) | 6.95 (5.3) | 5.55 (4.2) | 0.39 (−0.21–0.99) | 1.15 (0.44–1.86) | 1.62 (0.72–2.52) | G × T | < .01 |
| Control group (n = 50) |
12.26 (4.2) | 8.40 (5.0) | 0.82 (0.51–1.13) | |||||
| Depression subgroup (n = 29) |
11.97 (5.0) | 8.03 (5.3) | 0.76 (0.39–1.13) | |||||
| Anxiety subgroup (n = 21) |
12.67 (2.8) | 8.90 (4.7) | 0.93 (0.36–1.50) | |||||
Notes.
The confidence intervals were calculated using the standard error and an alpha level of 0.05. A confidence interval that do not overlap zero indicates a significance of p < .05. p values are given for linear mixed models using data from pre-treatment and post-treatment and all individuals (N = 100). The p value associated with the main effect of group denotes significance of average difference between groups at the pre-treatment assessment. The p value associated with the effect of time denotes the significance of average change over all assessment periods across treatment. The p value associated with the effect of G × T (group × time) denotes significance of difference between the treatment group and the control group in change over all assessment periods. Effect sizes are calculated as standardized mean differences. PHQ-9: 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale; GAD-7: 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale.