Table 2.

Effects of deoxynivalenol on antibody titers to common vaccines in poultry. NDV, Newcastle disease virus; IBV, infectious bronchitis vaccine.

Deoxynivalenol (mg/kg diet) Birds (species and sex)	Duration of exposure (days)	Observed effects	Reference
Up to 12.21 mg/kg diet Broiler (male)	35	NDV increased at week 2 and 4 NDV decreased at week 5 IBV decreased at week 5 IBV not affected at week 2, 4, 5	[60]
10 mg/kg diet Broiler (male)	35	IBV decreased at week 5	[13]
3.5–14 mg/kg diet Broiler (male)	35	NDV decreased	[30]
4.7–8.3 mg/kg diet Broiler (male)	14	IBV not affected	[38]
12.6 mg/kg diet Broiler breeder	84	IBV decreased NDV not affected	[61]
18 mg/kg White leghorn chicks	72	NDV not affected	[59]
12.3 mg/kg Laying hens	112	NDV decreased	[14]