Table 1.

Cross-sectional (CS) and exercise intervention (INVN) studies examining the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and brain structure.

Author	Year	Study type	Imaging modality	Analysis	Fitness measure	Group	Subjects (Number of females)	Mean age (years)
Bugg and Head	2011	CS	T1	ROI	Questionnaire	OA	52 (37)	69
Burns et al.	2008	CS	T1	Whole brain	VO2 peak Questionnaire	Early AD	57 (31)	74
						OA	64 (34)	73
Colcombe et al.	2003	CS	T1	Whole brain	Rockport 1 mile walk	OA	55 (31)	66
Erickson et al.	2009	CS	T1	ROI	VO2 peak	OA	165 (109)	67
Erickson et al.	2010	CS	T1	Whole brain	Total number of blocks walked during 1 week	OA	299 (182)	78
Floel et al.	2010	CS	T1	Whole brain	Ergometer test, Lactate step test, Questionnaire	OA	75 (47)	60
Gordon et al.	2008	CS	T1	Whole brain	VO2 max	YA	20 (10)	22
						OA	40 (23)	72
Ho et al.	2011	CS	T1	Whole brain ROI	Questionnaire	OA	226 (130)	78
Honea et al.	2009	CS	T1	Whole brain	VO2 peak, Questionnaire	Early AD	61 (37)	74
						OA	56 (33)	73
McAuley et al.	2011	CS	T1	ROI	VO2 peak, Rockport 1 mile walk	OA	86 (53)	65
Sen et al.	2012	CS	T1	Whole brain	Bicycle ergometer test	OA	715 (386)	65
Szabo et al.	2011	CS	T1	ROI	VO2 peak, Questionnaire	OA	158 (105)	66
Verstynen et al.	2012	CS	T1	ROI	VO2 max	OA	179 (109)	67
Vidoni et al.	2012	CS	T1	ROI	VO2 peak	AD	37 (20)*	74
						OA	53 (29)	73
Weinstein et al.	2012	CS	T1	ROI	VO2 max	OA	142 (91)+	67
Marks et al.	2011	CS	DTI	ROI	VO2 peak, self report of activity per week	OA	15 (7)	66
Johnson et al.	2012	CS	DTI	Whole brain	Composite score: VO2 peak, total time on treadmill, 1 minute heart rate recovery	OA	26 (14)	65
Marks et al.	2007	CS	DTI	ROI	Equation derived estimate	YA	13	24
						OA	15	70
Head et al.	2012	CS	PiB	ROI	Questionnaire	OA	163	45–88
Liang et al.	2010	CS	PiB	ROI	Questionnaire	OA	54	55–88
Colcombe et al.	2006	INVN	T1	Whole brain	VO2 peak	OA	59	66
Erickson et al.	2011	INVN	T1	ROI	VO2 max	OA	120	55–80
Ruscheweyh et al.	2011	INVN	T1	Whole brain	Ergometer test, Questionnaire, Lactate step test	OA	62 (43)	60
Voss et al.	2012	INVN	DTI	ROI	Composite score: VO2 max, Rockport 1 mile walk	OA	70 (45)	65

AD, Alzheimer's disease; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; OA, older adults; PiB, Pittsburgh Compound B amyloid imaging; ROI, regions of interest analysis; T1, T1-weighted imaging; YA, young adults.

^*Nine subjects from each group excluded from T1 analysis, gender distribution of excluded subjects unknown.

⁺139 participants completed the spatial working memory task.