Table 1. PCR primers used in this study.

Primer	Sequence (5′–3′)	Targeted gene	Annealing temp. (°C)	Amplicon size (bp)	Reference
ompW F	CAC CAA GAA GGT GAC TTT ATT GTG	ompW	64	304	Nandi et al. (2000)
ompW R	GGT TTG TCG AAT TAG CTT CAC C
rfbO1 F	GTT TCA CTG AAC AGA TGG G	rfbO1	55	192	Hoshino et al. (1998)
rfbO1 R	GGT CAT CTG TAA GTA CAA C
rfbO139 F	AGC CTC TTT ATT ACG GGT GG	rfbO139	55	449	Hoshino et al. (1998)
rfbO139 R	GTC AAA CCC GAT CGT AAA GG
ctxA F	ACA GAG TGA GTA CTT TGA CC	ctxA	55	308	Hoshino et al. (1998)
ctxA R	ATA CCA TCC ATA TAT TTG GGA G
tcpA ET R	CGA AAG CAC CTT CTT TCA CAC GTT G	tcpA ET	60	453	Rivera et al. (2001)
tcpA F	CAC GAT AAG AAA ACC GGT CAA GAG
tcpA class R	TTA CCA AAT GCA ACG CCG AAT G	tcpA CL	60	620	Rivera et al. (2001)
tcpA F	CAC GAT AAG AAA ACC GGT CAA GAG
MAMA ElTor F	ACT ATC TTC AGC ATA TGC ACA TGG	ctxB ET	55	186	Morita et al. (2008)
MAMA ElTor R	CCT GGT ACT TCT ACT TGA AAC A
MAMA class F	ACT ATC TTC AGC ATA TGC ACA TGG	ctxB CL	55	186	Morita et al. (2008)
MAMA class R	CCT GGT ACT TCT ACT TGA AAC G
rstR1 F	CTT CTC ATC AGC AAA GCC TCC ATC	rstR CL	50	500	Mwansa et al. (2007)
rstR3A R	TCG AGT TGT AAT TCA TCA AGA GTG
rstR2 F	GCA CCA TGA TTT AAG ATG CTC	rstR ET	50	500	Mwansa et al. (2007)
rstR3A R	TCG AGT TGT AAT TCA TCA AGA GTG
rtxC F	CGA CGA AGA TCA TTG ACG AC	rtxC	55/56	265	Chow et al. (2001)
rtxC R	CAT CGT CGT TAT GTG GTT GC
rstC1	AAC AGC TAC GGG CTT ATT C	rstC	52.4	238	O’Shea et al. (2004)
rstC2	TGA GTT GCG GAT TTA GGC
tlc3	GGG AAT GTT GAG TTC TCA GTG	tlc	55.5	1548	O’Shea et al. (2004)
tlc4	GTT GCG AAG TGG ATT TTG TG
tcpA-F	ATG CAA TTA TTA AAA CAG CTT TTT AAG	tcpA	59	675	Kumar et al. (2010b)
tcpA-R	TTA GCT GTT ACC AAA TGC AAC AG
CTX7	GGT TGC TTC TCA TCA TCG AAC CAC	ctxB	55	460	Olsvik et al. (1993)
CTX9B	GAT ACA CAT AAT AGA ATT AAG GAT