Table 1.
Sample Characteristics
| Forceps-Assisted Vaginal Delivery Without Rotation * (n=57) | Forceps-Assisted Vaginal Delivery With Rotation † (n=91) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal demographic characteristics | |||
| Age, y | 27.1 (±4.8) | 27.6 (±6.2) | 0.60 |
| Race | |||
| Caucasian | 38 (69.1) | 63 (70.8) | 0.88 |
| African American | 12 (21.8) | 20 (22.5) | |
| Other | 5 (9.1)) | 6 (6.7) | |
| Body mass index 30 or more kg/m2 | 30 (52.6) | 46 (50.6) | 0.81 |
| Gestational age, wk | 38.4 (±2.8) | 38.7 (±1.75) | 0.35 |
| Nulliparous | 45 (79.0) | 71 (78.0) | 0.89 |
| Insurance | |||
| Private | 35 (61.4) | 42 (46.2) | 0.07 |
| Medicaid | 22 (38.6) | 49 (53.9) | |
| Obstetric and neonatal characteristics | |||
| Epidural | 53 (93.0) | 80 (89.9) | 0.69 |
| Episiotomy | |||
| Midline | 7 (12.3) | 8 (8.8) | 0.30 |
| Mediolateral | 5 (8.8) | 17 (18.7) | |
| Type of forceps | |||
| Outlet | 15 (26.3) | 19 (21.0) | 0.38 |
| Low | 39 (68.4) | 60 (65.9) | |
| Mid | 1 (1.8) | 7 (7.7) | |
| Neonatal weight, g | 3250.2 (±683.9) | 3214.2 (±534.8) | 0.72 |
| 1-minute neonatal Apgar 7 or less | 14 (24.6) | 20 (22.2) | 0.74 |
| 5-minute neonatal Apgar 7 or less | 4 (7.0) | 6 (6.7) | 0.93 |
| Intrapartum complication | 3 (5.3) | 9 (9.9) | 0.32 |
| Sulcal tear | 16 (28.1) | 28 (30.8) | 0.73 |
| Severe perineal laceration | 23 (43.4) | 18 (24.3) | 0.02 |
Data are n (%) or mean (± SD) unless otherwise specified.
Less than 5% missing data for all variables except severe perineal laceration with 8.6% missing data.
*
Delivery position was occiput posterior for all cases.
†
Delivery position was occiput anterior (81 cases), occiput posterior (9 cases) and occiput transverse (1 case).