TABLE 5.
HRs and 95% CIs for invasive bladder cancer according to fruit and vegetable intakes by ethnicity among men
| Japanese Americans (n = 25,250) |
Latinos (n = 19,746) |
Whites (n = 21,333) |
P-interaction2 | ||||
| Cases | HR (95% CI)1 | Cases | HR (95% CI)1 | Cases | HR (95% CI)1 | ||
| Dietary patterns (factor score) | |||||||
| Vegetables pattern | |||||||
| Quartile 1 | 19 | 1.00 | 40 | 1.00 | 46 | 1.00 | |
| Quartile 2 | 32 | 0.83 (0.47, 1.48) | 15 | 0.62 (0.33, 1.15) | 54 | 1.66 (1.12, 2.48) | |
| Quartile 3 | 39 | 0.79 (0.44, 1.39) | 14 | 0.72 (0.36, 1.42) | 33 | 1.23 (0.77, 1.94) | |
| Quartile 4 | 45 | 0.77 (0.43, 1.39) | 9 | 0.68 (0.31, 1.49) | 15 | 0.76 (0.42, 1.40) | |
| P-trend3 | 0.45 | 0.22 | 0.70 | 0.60 | |||
| Fruit and milk pattern | |||||||
| Quartile 1 | 55 | 1.00 | 15 | 1.00 | 21 | 1.00 | |
| Quartile 2 | 35 | 1.01 (0.65, 1.56) | 20 | 0.96 (0.48, 1.93) | 30 | 1.04 (0.59, 1.82) | |
| Quartile 3 | 26 | 1.12 (0.68, 1.82) | 19 | 0.79 (0.39, 1.61) | 50 | 1.49 (0.88, 2.51) | |
| Quartile 4 | 19 | 1.76 (1.00, 3.09) | 24 | 0.68 (0.32, 1.45) | 47 | 1.53 (0.88, 2.66) | |
| P-trend3 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.06 | 0.005 | |||
| Foods [g/(1000 kcal · d)] | |||||||
| Fruits and vegetables | |||||||
| <216 | 41 | 1.00 | 34 | 1.00 | 49 | 1.00 | |
| 216–308 | 40 | 1.17 (0.75, 1.83) | 17 | 0.40 (0.22, 0.74) | 41 | 1.05 (0.69, 1.59) | |
| 309–425 | 33 | 1.14 (0.71, 1.84) | 18 | 0.48 (0.26, 0.89) | 38 | 1.19 (0.77, 1.84) | |
| ≥426 | 21 | 1.10 (0.64, 1.91) | 9 | 0.36 (0.17, 0.76) | 20 | 0.96 (0.56, 1.65) | |
| P-trend3 | 0.72 | 0.006 | 0.91 | 0.006 | |||
| Total vegetables | |||||||
| <107 | 48 | 1.00 | 23 | 1.00 | 42 | 1.00 | |
| 107–147 | 37 | 0.87 (0.57, 1.34) | 19 | 0.82 (0.44, 1.55) | 51 | 1.54 (1.02, 2.32) | |
| 148–200 | 28 | 0.79 (0.49, 1.26) | 20 | 0.85 (0.45, 1.58) | 39 | 1.39 (0.89, 2.15) | |
| ≥201 | 22 | 0.87 (0.52, 1.46) | 16 | 0.71 (0.37, 1.38) | 16 | 0.82 (0.46, 1.46) | |
| P-trend3 | 0.51 | 0.35 | 0.62 | 0.60 | |||
| Total fruits | |||||||
| <77.4 | 39 | 1.00 | 33 | 1.00 | 40 | 1.00 | |
| 77.4–144 | 32 | 0.87 (0.54, 1.41) | 20 | 0.50 (0.27, 0.91) | 34 | 0.95 (0.60, 1.51) | |
| 145–238 | 36 | 1.11 (0.69, 1.77) | 16 | 0.56 (0.30, 1.04) | 47 | 1.51 (0.98, 2.34) | |
| ≥239 | 28 | 1.24 (0.74, 2.08) | 9 | 0.40 (0.19, 0.84) | 27 | 1.26 (0.75, 2.10) | |
| P-trend3 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.002 | |||
Adjusted for age at cohort entry, ethnicity, total energy intake (log-transformed), first-degree family history of bladder cancer, employment in a high-risk industry, smoking status, average number of cigarettes, squared average number of cigarettes, number of years smoked (time dependent), and number of years since quitting (time dependent).
Interaction was tested between Latinos and the other 2 groups (Japanese Americans and whites combined) based on the Wald statistic for cross-product terms of dietary variables and ethnicity in the risk factor-adjusted models.
Based on the Wald statistic for a trend variable assigned the sex- and ethnic-specific medians within the appropriate quartiles.