TABLE 1.

Characteristics of the multiethnic, urban study population, overall and according to coffee consumption¹

		Coffee consumption (regular or decaffeinated)
Covariates	Overall study population	<1/mo	1/mo to 4/wk	5–7/wk	2–3/d	≥4/d
n	2461	420	349	965	569	136
Age, y	68.3 ± 10.2	68.4 ± 10.9	67.5 ± 10.2	68.7 ± 10.3	68.2 ± 9.73	67.9 ± 9.60
Male sex2	36	37	42	32	36	45
Race/ethnicity,2 %
Black	23	31	38	22	13	10
White	19	15	18	16	24	30
Hispanic	56	51	41	60	62	59
Education,2 %
≤8th grade	41	39	31	44	43	40
Some high school	14	14	16	15	13	13
Completed high school	18	16	23	18	17	19
Some college	11	12	13	10	10	14
College graduate or more	16	20	17	13	16	13
Smoking,2 %
Current	18	11	16	15	25	35
Former	34	37	32	35	34	29
Never	48	52	52	50	41	36
Moderate-heavy physical activity, %	8	10	9	7	10	10
Moderate alcohol use, %	33	30	33	32	37	36
BMI, kg/m2	28.2 ± 5.7	28.3 ± 5.7	28.6 ± 6.1	28.1 ± 5.5	28.1 ± 5.7	28.5 ± 5.0
Hypertension, %	73	71	74	75	70	68
Diabetes, %	21	17	25	21	21	22
Hypercholesterolemia,2 %	57	50	58	58	59	57
Previous cardiac disease, %	18	22	18	17	18	12
Total energy,2 kcal/d	1570 ± 742	1470 ± 770	1540 ± 739	1520 ± 715	1700 ± 729	1790 ± 779
Protein,2 g/d	62.1 ± 31.8	58.1 ± 34.2	61.0 ± 32.0	60.2 ± 30.1	66.3 ± 29.8	72.4 ± 37.9
Saturated fat,2 g/d	20.5 ± 13.0	18.3 ± 13.3	19.5 ± 13.1	20.0 ± 12.1	22.6 ± 13.1	25.6 ± 15.4
Total fat,2 g/d	61.2 ± 34.2	58.2 ± 34.7	58.9 ± 34.5	59.5 ± 32.0	66.8 ± 34.8	72.7 ± 39.4
Carbohydrates,2 g/d	188 ± 90.0	178 ± 91.6	184 ± 93.6	182 ± 86.5	204 ± 90.3	205 ± 84.7
Tea consumption,2 %
<1/mo	37	32	23	41	38	50
1/mo to 4/wk	35	28	43	34	35	31
5–7/wk	21	29	21	20	19	11
≥2/d	8	11	13	5	8	9

¹Values are means ± SDs for continuous variables and percent for categorical variables.

²P < 0.05 across categories of coffee consumption.