TABLE 3.
Relationship between coffee and tea consumption and vascular death in a multiethnic, urban study population (n = 2461, 342 events)
| HRs (95% CIs) |
||||
| Beverage consumption | Model 11 | Model 22 | Model 33 | Model 44 |
| All coffee (decaf and regular) | ||||
| <1/mo | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1/mo to 4/wk | 0.90 (0.62, 1.30) | 0.93 (0.64, 1.36) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.32) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.33) |
| 5–7/wk | 0.85 (0.63, 1.15) | 0.82 (0.61, 1.11) | 0.81 (0.59, 1.12) | 0.81 (0.60, 1.11) |
| 2–3/d | 0.76 (0.54, 1.07) | 0.72 (0.50, 1.02) | 0.71 (0.49, 1.03) | 0.70 (0.48, 1.03) |
| ≥4/d | 0.82 (0.48, 1.39) | 0.71 (0.41, 1.24) | 0.74 (0.42, 1.31) | 0.80 (0.45, 1.41) |
| Continuous (cups/d) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.05) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.05) |
| Regular coffee | ||||
| <1/mo | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1/mo to 4/wk | 0.83 (0.58, 1.20) | 0.82 (0.57, 1.19) | 0.79 (0.54, 1.16) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.26) |
| 5–7/wk | 0.91 (0.70, 1.19) | 0.87 (0.66, 1.14) | 0.90 (0.68, 1.19) | 0.91 (0.69, 1.20) |
| 2–3/d | 0.75 (0.54, 1.05) | 0.69 (0.49, 0.98) | 0.76 (0.53, 1.09) | 0.86 (0.61, 1.23) |
| ≥4/d | 0.87 (0.48, 1.59) | 0.69 (0.36, 1.32) | 0.70 (0.36, 1.38) | 0.88 (0.46, 1.68) |
| Continuous (cups/d) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.08) |
| Tea | ||||
| <1/mo | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1/mo to 4/wk | 0.86 (0.66, 1.13) | 0.92 (0.70, 1.21) | 0.88 (0.67, 1.17) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) |
| 5–7/wk | 0.89 (0.67, 1.20) | 0.98 (0.72, 1.32) | 0.93 (0.68, 1.26) | 0.97 (0.72, 1.31) |
| ≥2/d | 0.80 (0.54, 1.19) | 0.82 (0.55, 1.24) | 0.75 (0.49, 1.14) | 0.73 (0.48, 1.11) |
| Continuous (cups/d) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.07) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) |
Model 1: Adjusted for demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education).
Model 2: Adjusted for demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education) and behavioral risk factors (smoking, moderate alcohol use, moderate-heavy physical activity), diet (total daily energy, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fat), and BMI.
Model 3: Adjusted for demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education), behavioral risk factors (smoking, moderate alcohol use, moderate-heavy physical activity), diet (total daily energy, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fat), BMI, and vascular risk factors (history of cardiac disease, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia), and mutually adjusted for coffee and tea.
Model 4: Adjusted for demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education), behavioral risk factors (pack-years of smoking, alcohol consumed/day, moderate-heavy physical activity), diet (total daily energy, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fat), BMI, vascular risk factors (history of cardiac disease, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia), other non-water beverage consumption, milk in coffee/tea, cream in coffee/tea, and nondairy creamer in coffee/tea, and mutually adjusted for coffee and tea.