TABLE 7.
Relationship between coffee and tea consumption and vascular and nonvascular death using competing risk regression in a multiethnic, urban study population (n = 2461)
| HRs (95% CIs) |
||||
| Beverage consumption | Vascular death: model 31 | Vascular death: model 42 | Nonvascular death: model 31 | Nonvascular death: model 42 |
| All coffee (decaf and regular) | ||||
| <1/mo | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1/mo to 4/wk | 0.96 (0.67, 1.44) | 0.95 (0.65, 1.46) | 0.89 (0.63, 1.32) | 0.85 (0.60, 1.35) |
| 5–7/wk | 0.90 (0.66, 1.29) | 0.91 (0.65, 1.33) | 0.77 (0.59, 1.08) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.15) |
| 2–3/d | 0.83 (0.58, 1.13) | 0.84 (0.56, 1.16) | 0.87 (0.64, 1.14) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.17) |
| ≥4/d | 0.82 (0.48, 1.18) | 0.89 (0.49, 1.33) | 0.67 (0.42, 0.90) | 0.66 (0.38, 0.92) |
| Continuous (cups/d) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.10) |
| Regular coffee | ||||
| <1/mo | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1/mo to 4/wk | 0.96 (0.67, 1.36) | 1.00 (0.69, 1.45) | 0.93 (0.66, 1.31) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.24) |
| 5–7/wk | 0.98 (0.75, 1.40) | 0.97 (0.73, 1.41) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.43) | 1.00 (0.77, 1.45) |
| 2–3/d | 0.93 (0.66, 1.22) | 0.98 (0.68, 1.30) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.35) | 1.03 (0.76, 1.34) |
| ≥4/d | 0.82 (0.43, 1.16) | 0.97 (0.50, 1.41) | 0.84 (0.50, 1.11) | 0.82 (0.45, 1.12) |
| Continuous (cups/d) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.07) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) |
| Decaffeinated coffee | ||||
| <1/mo | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1/mo to 4/wk | 0.84 (0.58, 1.22) | 0.73 (0.49, 1.10) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.37) | 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) |
| 5–7/wk | 0.83 (0.58, 1.20) | 0.84 (0.57, 1.27) | 0.63 (0.44, 1.89) | 0.67 (0.45, 0.93) |
| ≥2/d | 0.93 (0.57, 1.34) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.34) | 0.71 (0.44, 1.03) | 0.70 (0.41, 1.03) |
| Continuous (cups/d) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.12) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) | 0.84 (0.70, 1.01) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.00) |
| Tea | ||||
| <1/mo | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1/mo to 4/wk | 0.94 (0.72, 1.22) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.27) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.35) | 1.08 (0.85, 1.37) |
| 5–7/wk | 0.98 (0.74, 1.28) | 1.03 (0.77, 1.36) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.19) | 0.89 (0.67, 1.13) |
| ≥2/d | 0.90 (0.60, 1.19) | 0.88 (0.57, 1.19) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.02) | 0.70 (0.45, 0.93) |
| Continuous (cups/d) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) | 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) |
Model 3: Adjusted for demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education), behavioral risk factors (smoking, moderate alcohol use, moderate-heavy physical activity), diet (total daily energy, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fat), BMI, and vascular risk factors (history of cardiac disease, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia), and mutually adjusted for coffee and tea.
Model 4: Adjusted for demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education), behavioral risk factors (pack-years of smoking, alcohol consumed/day, moderate-heavy physical activity), diet (total daily energy, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fat), BMI, vascular risk factors (history of cardiac disease, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia), other non-water beverage consumption, milk in coffee/tea, cream in coffee/tea, and nondairy creamer in coffee/tea, and mutually adjusted for coffee and tea.