Table 1.

Lycopene and tomato product intake and incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke estimated from hazard ratio (HR) among adult men and women from the Framingham Offspring Cohort^*

	CVD			CHD			Stroke
	# events	HR (95%CI)	p-value	# events	HR (95% CI)	p-value	# events	HR (95% CI)	p-value
Lycopene Intake†
Exam 5 & 6 Average‡		23,573 person-years			23,618 person-years			23,609 person-years
Model 1§	314	0.92 (0.77, 1.10)∥	0.39	171	0.77 (0.61, 0.96)	0.03	99	1.05 (0.76, 1.46)	0.76
Model 2¶	314	0.87 (0.72, 1.05)	0.16	171	0.76 (0.60, 0.97)	0.03	99	1.08 (0.75, 1.55)	0.68
Model 3**	314	0.86 (0.71, 1.05)	0.13	171	0.74 (0.58, 0.94)	0.01	99	1.07 (0.74, 1.54)	0.74
Exam 5, 6 and 7 Average††		15,858 person-years			15,870 person-years			15,880 person-years
Model 1	219	0.87 (0.73, 1.04)	0.14	115	0.86 (0.68,1.08)	0.20	66	0.92 (0.65, 1.32)	0.67
Model 2	219	0.82 (0.70, 0.97)	0.03	115	0.84 (0.68, 1.05)	0.13	66	0.83 (0.58, 1.18)	0.31
Model 3	219	0.83 (0.70, 0.98)	0.03	115	0.84 (0.67, 1.03)	0.10	66	0.82 (0.59, 1.16)	0.27
Tomato Product Consumption‡‡
Exam 5 & 6 Average		23,573 person-years			23,618 person-years			23,609 person-years
Model 1	314	0.98 (0.94, 1.02)§§	0.45	171	0.94 (0.88, 0.99)	0.04	99	1.02 (0.95, 1.08)	0.63
Model 2	314	0.98 (0.94, 1.02)	0.28	171	0.94 (0.88,1.00)	0.05	99	1.02 (0.96, 1.09)	0.51
Model 3	314	0.97 (0.93, 1.02)	0.24	171	0.92 (0.86,0.99)	0.02	99	1.02 (0.96, 1.10)	0.51
Exam 5, 6 and 7 Average		15,858 person-years			15, 870 person-years			15,880 person-years
Model 1	219	0.97 (0.916, 1.022)	0.25	115	0.95 (0.87, 1.02)	0.16	66	1.02 (0.93, 1.11)	0.68
Model 2	219	0.94 (0.887, 0.999)	0.05	115	0.93 (0.85, 1.001)	0.08	66	1.00 (0.91, 1.10)	0.99
Model 3	219	0.94 (0.878, 0.995)	0.03	115	0.90 (0.83, 0.99)	0.03	66	0.99 (0.90, 1.10)	0.91

^*At the 5^th study examination, the Framingham Offspring cohort participants had a mean age of 54 years (range 26-79 years) and a mean BMI of 27.2 kg/m² (range 14-54 kg/m²). Fifty-six percent of the participants were women, 18% were current smokers, and 16% and 5% had a history of hypertension and diabetes, respectively.

^†Mean lycopene intake was 7.6, 7.9 and 8.0 mg/d at the 5^th, 6^th and 7^th examinations, respectively.

^‡Intake is the average of intakes assessed at the Framingham Offspring cohort 5^th and 6^th examinations and follow-up time is counted from the date of the 6^th examination.

^§Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.

^∥Lycopene intake was transformed using a natural logarithm. Consequently, the hazards ratios are interpreted as the relative risk for a 2.7-fold difference (i.e., a 1 unit difference on the natural logarithm scale) in lycopene intake.

^¶Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, systolic BP, total cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL ratio, BMI, smoking, number of packs per day, hypertension treatment, diabetes, saturated fat intake and energy intake.

^**Model 3: adjusted for variables in Model 2 plus β-carotene, flavonol, vitamin C and vitamin E intakes.

^††Intake is the average of intakes assessed at the Framingham Offspring cohort 5^th, 6^th and 7^th examinations and follow-up time is counted from the date of the 7^th examination.

^‡‡Mean consumption of tomatoes and tomato-based products was 4.4, 4.4 and 4.6 servings/wk at the 5^th, 6^th and 7^th examinations, respectively.

^§§The hazard ratios reflect the relative risk for one serving per day difference in tomato product consumption.