Table 1.
Specifications of confocal microendoscope probes
| Reference Number | Description | Tissue Space NA | Lateral Resolution (μm) | Axial Resolution (μm) | Field of View (μm×μm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proximal Scanning | |||||
| 62 | 30000 fiber bundle, 2 GRIN lenses, possible application through channel of endoscope, lens: 1 mm dia., 7.8 mm length | 0.5 | 3.1 | 16.6 | 280 dia. |
| 70 | 30000 fiber bundle, 2 GRIN lenses in 10 mm length of 18 gauge stainless steel tubing, probe inserted in 3.2 mm channel of bronchoscope | 0.5 | 1.4 | 16–26 | 230 |
| 59 | 30000 fiber bundle, custom objective with 7 lenses, rigid housing: 10 mm dia., 25 mm length | 0.45 | 3.3 | 50 | N/A |
| 117 | 30000 fiber bundle, custom objective in rigid micro- laparoscope, rigid housing: 5 mm dia., 350 mm length | 0.46 | 3 | 25 | 450 dia. |
| 67 | 30000 fiber bundle, custom objective with 3 lenses to be inserted in 18 gauge hypodermic needle | 0.4 | 0.9 | N/A | 250 dia. |
| 113 | 30000 fiber bundle, custom objective with 8 lenses, rigid housing: 7 mm dia., 22 mm length | 1 | 2 | 10 | 180×170 |
| 58 | No fiber, rigid probe, 3 GRIN lenses and side-viewing prism, rigid housing: 1.25 mm dia., 50 mm length | 0.45 | 1 | 10 | 250 dia. |
| 24 | No fiber, rigid probe, 10 rod relay lenses and a custom objective, rigid housing: 5 mm dia., 230 mm length | 0.9 | 1–2 | 5 | 400 dia. |
| Distal Scanning | |||||
| 31 | SF, 11 GRIN rod lenses and a hemisphere lens, lens: 1.5 mm dia., 89 mm length | N/A | 1.3 | 30 | 190 dia. |
| 95 | SF, 2 GRIN lenses housed in 22 gauge hypodermic needle, to be inserted through 18 gauge guiding needle, lens: 350 μm dia., 27 mm length | 0.29 | 0.87 | 11.5 | 70 dia. |
| 18 | SF, 2 MEMS scanners, off-axis phase grating lens, lens and scanner housing: 1.2×2.5 mm, 6.5 mm length | 0.24 | 1 | N/A | 100 dia. |
| 64 | SF, 2-axis MEMS scanner, objective of 2 doublets and a high NA lens, lens and scanner housing: 18 mm dia., 54 mm length | 0.48 | 0.5 | 4.2 | 200×125 |
| 109 | SF, 2-axis MEMS scanner, objective of 2 achromats and an aspheric lens, lens housing: 5 mm dia., 35 mm length | 0.33 | 0.83 | 9.55 | 140×70 |
| 91 | SF, unimorph fiber scanner, aspheric lens, lens and scanner housing: 3.5 mm dia., 30 mm length | 0.55 | 1 | 5.4 | 90×150 |
| 97 | Dual axis, 2-axis MEMS scanner, 2 parabolic mirrors and a hemisphere lens, lens and scanner housing: 10 mm dia. | 0.12 | 5 | 7 | 800×450 |
| 96 | SF, spectrally encoded with dual prism grating, high NA lens, rigid housing: 10 mm dia. | 0.9 | 1.1 | N/A | 658 dia. |
GRIN: gradient index lens; SF: single fiber; MEMS: microelectromechanical systems; dia.: diameter