Passage 4-8 FLS from patients with RA were cultured in CMRL culture medium with 10% FCS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, and 2% L-glutamine in the presence of either IFN-γ (0.5 ng/ml, 5 ng/ml, or 50 ng/ml) or IL-17(0.1, 1 or 10 ng/ml) for 48 hours. IL-6 and IL-8 in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA of triplicate wells. “FLS only” indicates FLS incubated for 48 hours without any cytokines. The results shown are from a single experiment representative of 3 identical experiments. Error bars are the standard error of the mean. Data was analyzed using the Student t test (**p<0.01 compared to FLS only).