Table 1.
Estimates of evolutionary lag time for colonization of hyperarid and arid environments, based on the difference between when a clade colonizes a region and when it colonizes a particular habitat in that region
| Genus | Climate | Nodes/species | Estimated age of colonization of climatic regime based on PGLS reconstruction | Estimated age of colonization of region based on DEC analyses | Estimated evolutionary lag time |
| Nolana | Hyperarid (8 million years ago) | I: N. tomentella | 0.8 (0.2–1.6) | 9.7 (4.0–16.7) [A] | 7.2 |
| N. arequipensis | |||||
| N. pallida | |||||
| II: N. inflata | 0.4 (0.1–1.0) | 9.7 (4.0–16.7) [A] | 7.6 | ||
| N. weissiana | |||||
| N. balsamiflua | 0.7 (0.1–1.8) | ≥12.7 (8.6–20.3) [C] | 7.3 | ||
| N. plicata | 0.8 (0.1–1.7) | 9.7 (4.0–16.7) [A] | 7.2 | ||
| N. chancoana | 1.0 (0.2–2.0) | 9.7 (4.0–16.7) [A] | 7.0 | ||
| N. scaposa | 1.7 (0.3–3.5) | 9.7 (4.0–16.7) [A] | 6.3 | ||
| N. spathulata | 1.7 (0.3–3.5) | 9.7 (4.0–16.7) [A] | 6.3 | ||
| N. spergularoides | 0.9 (0.1–2.0) | 9.7 (4.0–16.7) [A] | 7.1 | ||
| N. lycioides | 1.2 (0.2–2.4) | 9.7 (4.0–16.7) [A] | 6.8 | ||
| N. cerrateana | 1.7 (0.5–2.8) | 9.7 (4.0–16.7) [A] | 6.3 | ||
| N. intonsa | 1.3 (0.4–2.5) | 1.3 (0.3.2.5) [A] | 0 | ||
| N. revoluta | 0.6 (0.1–1.3) | 9.7 (4.0–17.0) [A] | 7.4 | ||
| N. tovariana | 0.6 (0.1–1.3) | 9.7 (4.0–17.0) [A] | 7.4 | ||
| N. johnstonii | 0.8 (0.1–1.7) | ≥12.7 (7.0–20.1) [C] | 7.2 | ||
| N. confinis | 0.8 (0.1–1.7) | ≥12.7 (7.0–20.1) [C] | 7.2 | ||
| N. coronata | 0.9 (0.1–1.9) | ≥12.7 (7.0–20.1) [C] | 7.1 | ||
| N. peruviana | 1.5 (0.4–2.9) | ≥12.7 (7.0–20.1) [C] | 6.5 | ||
| N. tocopillensis | 1.9 (0.8–2.9) | ≥12.7 (7.0–20.1) [C] | 6.1 | ||
| N. lachimbensis | 2.1 (0.9–3.9) | ≥12.7 (7.0–20.1) [C] | 5.9 | ||
| N. onoana | 3.8 (0.6–7.7) | ≥12.7 (7.0–20.1) [C] | 4.2 | ||
| Arid (33 million years ago) | Basal node | 12.7 (8.6–20.3) | ≥12.7 (8.7–20.3) [C] | 0 | |
| Chaetanthera | Hyperarid | — | — | — | — |
| Arid | C. taltalensis | 6.7 (0.8–5.5) | 6.7 (3.2–11.3) [C] | 0 | |
| Malesherbia | Hyperarid | M. tocopillana | 1.9 (0.1–4.9) | 1.9 (0.1–4.9) [C] | * |
| Arid | I: M. tocopillana | 1.9 (0.0–4.9) | 12.2 (4.8–22.3) [B] | 10.3 | |
| M. ardens | 1.9 (0.0–4.9) [C] | * | |||
| II: M. angustisecta | 2.2 (0.1–5.0) | 12.2 (4.8–22.3) [B] | 10.0 | ||
| M. arequipensis | 2.2 (0.3–5.1) [C] | * | |||
| M. tenuifolia | |||||
| III: M. densiflora | 5.6 (1.0–12.4) | 5.6 (1.0–12.4) [D] | * | ||
| M. deserticola | |||||
| M. rugosa | 7.9 (2.3–15.1) | * | * | ||
| M. obtusa | 3.1 (0.3–6.9) | * | * | ||
| Liolaemus | Hyperarid | L. poconchilensis | 7.0 (5.2–8.9) | * | * |
| Arid | I: L. atacamensis | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 14.1 (10.5–18.1) [D] | 13.9 | |
| L. nigromaculatus | |||||
| II: L. isabelae | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 14.1 (10.5–18.1) [C] | 13.6 | ||
| L. paulinae | |||||
| L. audituvelatus | 2.0 (1.2–2.9) | 8.3 (6.1–10.5) [D] | 6.3 | ||
| L. torresi | 4.0 (2.8–5.3) | 8.3 (6.1–10.5) [D] | 4.3 | ||
| L. josephorum | 3.8 (2.4–5.2) | 14.1 (10.5–18.1) [D] | 10.3 |
Values are median ages given in millions of years. The 95% highest posterior density intervals are given in parentheses. Biogeographical areas are given in brackets: [A] Sechura (4°S–18°S; <1,500 m), [B] Peruvian Andes (4°S–18°S; >1,500 m), [C] coastal Atacama (18°S–29°S; <1,500 m), and [D] high Atacama (18°S–30°S; >1,500 m). DEC, dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis.
*
The ancestral geographic distribution is ambiguous, making the evolutionary lag time ambiguous also.