Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants, n = 256.
| Variable | Male (N = 64) N (%) |
Female (N = 192) N (%) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SE) | 42.0 ± 1.00 | 42.8 ± 0.7 | 0.61 |
| Median age, IQR | 41 (35–48) | 40 (35–49) | 0.96 |
| Age, years by group | |||
| 30–39 | 27 (42.2) | 91 (47.4) | |
| 40–49 | 28 (43.7) | 56 (29.2) | |
| >50 | 9 (14.1) | 45 (23.4) | 0.07 |
| Education | |||
| Did not complete high school | 15 (23.4) | 32 (16.7) | |
| Completed high school | 49 (76.6) | 160 (83.3) | 0.23 |
| Income | |||
| <ZAR1000/month | 41 (64.1) | 133 (69.3) | |
| >ZAR1000/month | 23 (35.9) | 59 (30.7) | 0.44 |
| Location of work | |||
| Outdoors or grant-holder | 44 (68.8) | 140 (72.9) | |
| Indoors | 20 (31.2) | 52 (27.1) | 0.52 |
| Housing | |||
| Formal | 38 (59.4) | 114 (59.4) | |
| Informal | 26 (40.6) | 78 (40.6) | 0.99 |
| Shared WC | |||
| No | 19 (29.7) | 52 (27.1) | |
| Yes | 45 (70.3) | 140 (72.9) | 0.69 |
| Number of people in household | |||
| Up to 5 | 40 (72.7) | 125 (68.7) | |
| ≥6 | 15 (27.3) | 57 (31.3) | 0.57 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Non-smoker | 23 (35.9) | 162 (83.4) | |
| Smoker; <10 years | 16 (25.0) | 17 (8.9) | |
| Smoker >10 years | 25 (39.1) | 13 (6.8) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol | |||
| Nil | 14 (21.9) | 128 (66.7) | |
| <1 L/week | 14 (21.9) | 43 (22.4) | |
| >1 L/week | 36 (56.2) | 21 (10.9) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 36 (56.3) | 141 (73.4) | |
| Yes | 28 (43.7) | 51 (25.6) | 0.01 |
| BMI | |||
| <20 | 14 (21.9) | 4 (2.1) | |
| 20–24.9 | 29 (45.3) | 17 (8.9) | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 13 (20.3) | 42 (21.9) | |
| >30 | 8 (12.5) | 129 (67.2) | <0.0001 |
| Tuberculosis status | |||
| No history | 52 (81.3) | 173 (90.1) | |
| Previous history | 12 (18.7) | 18 (9.4) | |
| Current | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0.12 |