Table 4.
Association of frailty with systemic and ocular biomarkers of aging.
| Biomarker | Not-frail | Pre-frail | Frail | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Telomere length (N) Rel T/S |
89 | 127 | 34 | |
| 1.01 (0.96–1.08) | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | 1.17 (1.06–1.29) | p-Trend 0.02 | |
| CDKN2A (N) Mean expression |
75 | 110 | 32 | |
| 0.32 (0.26–0.39) | 0.36 (0.31–0.42) | 0.44 (0.32–0.60) | p-Trend 0.12 | |
| Ocular parameter | ||||
| Lens density (N) Scale: 0–100 |
92 | 123 | 31 | P |
| Linear | 9.94 (9.77–10.13) | 10.10 (9.94–10.25) | 10.38 (10.05–10.71) | p-Trend 0.03 |
| Peak | 18.82 (17.78–19.85) | 18.68 (17.81–19.54) | 18.86 (17.01–20.71) | 0.97 |
| 3D-Average | 10.02 (9.81–10.24) | 10.14 (9.95–10.31) | 10.31 (9.92–10.70) | p-Trend 0.22 |
| Vessel calibre (N) μm | 92 | 120 | 31 | |
| CRAE | 160.13 (156.56–163.70) | 160.99 (157.97–164.01) | 166.30 (159.87–172.72) | p-Trend 0.19 |
| AVR | 0.60 (0.58–0.61) | 0.60 (0.58–0.61) | 0.61 (0.58–0.64) | 0.64 |
| Endothelial cell parameters (N) | 91 | 121 | 31 | |
| ECDa cells/mm2 | 2637 (2580–2695) | 2587 (2539–2635) | 2675 (2572–2779) | 0.18 |
| CVb | 35.1 (34.1–36.1) | 35.3 (34.4–36.1) | 36.9 (35.1–38.8) | p-Trend 0.18 |
| Exc | 49.9 (48.6–51.3) | 50.3 (49.1–51.4) | 47.6 (42.3–50.0) | 0.15 |
| RNFL parameters (N) μm | ||||
| Average | 109.9 (106.7–113.2) | 108.9 (105.6–110.6) | 106.9 (101.4–112.4) | p-Trend 0.31 |
| Superior | 131.1 (126.2–136.1) | 133.4 (129.3–137.4) | 130.6 (121.5–139.6) | 0.73 |
| Inferior | 137.6 (132.6–142.6) | 138.2 (134.1–142.3) | 137.3 (127.2–146.5) | 0.97 |
| Temporal | 72.3 (69.1–75.4) | 72.6 (70.1–75.2) | 72.2 (66.4–77.9) | 0.98 |
Adjusted for age, gender, socio-economic status, smoking, alcohol consumption and TB status.
a
Endothelial cell density – lowest quartile denotes aged phenotype.
b
CV: coefficient of variation – i.e. difference in cell shape; highest quartile denotes aged phenotype.
c
Hexagonality index – i.e. proportion of cells that are hexagonal; lowest quartile denotes aged phenotype.