Table 1.
Botanicals tested with vaccines: source, dose, and active ingredients.
| Botanical extract | Source | Lot # | Purity by HPLC |
Dose | Probable active ingredients |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astragalus (A. membranaceus) water crude extract | ICM | 500 µg | No activity | ||
| Astragalus (A. membranaceus) 50% ethanol crude extract | ICM | 500 µg | Saponin | ||
| Astragalus (A. membranaceus) 95% ethanol crude extract | ICM | 0.5–2 mg | Saponin | ||
| Astragalus 95% ethanol crude extract – water subfraction F1 | ICM | 2 mg | Saponin | ||
| Astragalus 95% ethanol crude extract – 30% ethanolic subfraction F2 | ICM | 2 mg | Saponin | ||
| Astragalus 95% ethanol crude extract – 95% ethanolic subfraction F3 | ICM | 100 µg – 2 µg | Saponin | ||
| Standards | Source | Lot # | Purity | Dose | Probable active Ingredients |
| Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside | Weilie Xiao | 98% | 20–100 µg | Flavonoid | |
| Astragalosides I | Chromadex | 111195-(607) | 99.0% | 20–500 µg | Saponin |
| Astragalosides II | Chromadex | 11196-(607) | 99.5% | 4–500 µg | Saponin |
| Astragalosides IV | Chromadex | 11197-(203) | 99.9% | 20–500 µg | Saponin |
| Calycosin | Chromadex | 3071-(109) | 93.1% | 20–100 µg | Flavonoid |
| Formononetin | Chromadex | 6190-(971) | 91.0% | 20–500 µg | Flavonoid |
| Isoquercitrin | Chromadex | 9505-(311) | 91.2% | 500 µg | Flavonoid |
| Isorhamnetin-3-b-glucoside | Chromadex | 9535-(509) | 500 µg | Flavonoid | |
| Ononide ononin | Chromadex | 15371-(206) | 99.9% | 500 µg | Flavonoid |
| Yeast β-glucan | Biotec Pharmacon | 100 µg–2mg β-glucan | β-1,3 backbone β-1,6 side chains | ||
| Positive controls | |||||
| OPT-821 Quillaja saponaria, fraction 21 | Optimer Pharmaceuticals | >99% | 20 µg | Saponin |