Spermatogenesis in Ku70 and Ku70 Rap1 knockout mice. (A) The testes of Ku70−/− and Ku70−/−Rap1Δ/Δ mice are of reduced size, as shown for wild-type (left) and Ku70−/− (right) testes. Scale bar: 5 mm. (B) Ku70−/− and Ku70−/−Rap1Δ/Δ (dko) mice display a significant (P<0.001) reduction in testis size compared with wild type (WT) and heterozygotes (het). Whiskers represent s.d. (≥3 mice). (C–F) Spermatogenesis appears grossly normal in tubule cross-sections of (C) wild type and (D) a Ku70+/−Rap1+/Δ heterozygote. Sperm production and release is reduced in (E) Ku70−/− and (F) Ku70−/−Rap1Δ/Δ stage VI–VII tubules (asterisks). DAPI staining is shown in inverted gray scale. Scale bar: in F, 50 µm for C–F. (G–I) Epididymides of (G) wild type, (H) Ku70−/− and (I) Ku70−/−Rap1Δ/Δ mice (gray scale images of H&E staining). Ku70 knockout mice produce less sperm, as indicated by reduced diameter of epididymal tubules and their emptiness. Scale bar: in I, 100 µm for G–I.