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Examples of studies reporting brainstem activation in non-pain conditions.
| Study type | Stimulus | DLP activation | PAG activation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fMRI | Bladder fullness | + | + | (29) |
| fMRI | Alexithymia/empathy | + | – | (30) |
| fMRI | Autonomic changes | + | + | (31) |
| fMRI | Autonomic changes (respiratory control) | + | + | (69) |
| fMRI | Blue light | + (Locus coeruleus) | – | (70) |
| fMRI | Tinnitus | + (Inferior colliculus) | – | (71) |
| fMRI | Breath holding | + (Inferior colliculus) | – | (32) |
fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging.
