High-frequency PFC stimulation induces hyperactivity. a, Cortical stimulation targeting approach used for behavioral and neurophysiological experiments. b, Anterior PrL expression pattern of Chr2 in Thy1–Chr2 (line 18) mice. Chr2 labeling was observed in the cell bodies of layer V neurons (left) and their apical dendrites. High-resolution image of an apical dendrite of a layer V pyramidal neuron (right). c, Thy1–Chr2 mice were placed in an open field, and locomotor profiles were recorded during PrL stimulation with a prerecorded PrL neuron pattern (4.02 Hz) or at 40 Hz (5 ms pulse width). The distance traveled during the 1 min stimulation intervals was compared with the distance traveled during the 1 min intervals after stimulation using a Student's t test. PrL stimulation at 40 Hz induced hyperactivity, whereas stimulation using the PrL neuron pattern did not. *p < 0.025; n = 6 Thy1–Chr2 mice. d, Open-field locomotor profiles in WT and Thy1–Chr2 mice during 5 min PrL stimulation at 4.02 Hz. *p < 0.05 using Student's t test; n = 6 mice per genotype.