Table 1.
N | T | P | Z | S | CIPS |
|
|
|
Wm | W* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
δ=0 | 20 | 20 | 0.239 | 0.078 | 0.034 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.047 | 0.027 | 0.081 | 0.065 | |||
50 | 0.222 | 0.072 | 0.030 | 0.050 | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.031 | 0.077 | 0.075 | |||||
100 | 0.236 | 0.071 | 0.034 | 0.045 | 0.040 | 0.029 | 0.032 | 0.074 | 0.080 | |||||
50 | 20 | 0.271 | 0.076 | 0.030 | 0.037 | 0.025 | 0.217 | 0.196 | 0.079 | 0.063 | ||||
50 | 0.292 | 0.071 | 0.022 | 0.042 | 0.019 | 0.101 | 0.080 | 0.073 | 0.073 | |||||
100 | 0.287 | 0.068 | 0.034 | 0.050 | 0.022 | 0.083 | 0.075 | 0.070 | 0.075 | |||||
| ||||||||||||||
δ=0.1 | 20 | 20 | 0.228 | 0.084 | 0.043 | 0.032 | 0.024 | 0.033 | 0.026 | 0.093 | 0.067 | |||
50 | 0.257 | 0.087 | 0.037 | 0.256 | 0.020 | 0.073 | 0.058 | 0.092 | 0.081 | |||||
100 | 0.280 | 0.094 | 0.070 | 0.621 | 0.024 | 0.135 | 0.142 | 0.100 | 0.084 | |||||
50 | 20 | 0.304 | 0.094 | 0.035 | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.231 | 0.171 | 0.102 | 0.075 | ||||
50 | 0.311 | 0.080 | 0.037 | 0.312 | 0.020 | 0.147 | 0.133 | 0.085 | 0.083 | |||||
100 | 0.356 | 0.091 | 0.082 | 0.748 | 0.030 | 0.261 | 0.262 | 0.118 | 0.098 | |||||
| ||||||||||||||
δ=0.5 | 20 | 20 | 0.254 | 0.110 | 0.040 | 0.008 | 0.058 | 0.035 | 0.030 | 0.120 | 0.065 | |||
50 | 0.375 | 0.151 | 0.069 | 0.473 | 0.105 | 0.125 | 0.089 | 0.188 | 0.117 | |||||
100 | 0.634 | 0.345 | 0.191 | 0.980 | 0.135 | 0.330 | 0.346 | 0.408 | 0.328 | |||||
50 | 20 | 0.326 | 0.124 | 0.036 | 0.000 | 0.091 | 0.211 | 0.166 | 0.142 | 0.071 | ||||
50 | 0.456 | 0.152 | 0.063 | 0.583 | 0.158 | 0.264 | 0.224 | 0.184 | 0.145 | |||||
100 | 0.706 | 0.367 | 0.182 | 0.997 | 0.217 | 0.600 | 0.592 | 0.429 | 0.349 | |||||
| ||||||||||||||
δ=0.9 | 20 | 20 | 0.296 | 0.117 | 0.051 | 0.018 | 0.088 | 0.060 | 0.039 | 0.120 | 0.092 | |||
50 | 0.476 | 0.164 | 0.081 | 0.356 | 0.321 | 0.158 | 0.152 | 0.176 | 0.200 | |||||
100 | 0.832 | 0.460 | 0.275 | 0.958 | 0.637 | 0.463 | 0.461 | 0.467 | 0.532 | |||||
50 | 20 | 0.358 | 0.118 | 0.047 | 0.007 | 0.125 | 0.291 | 0.231 | 0.124 | 0.093 | ||||
50 | 0.556 | 0.177 | 0.083 | 0.466 | 0.456 | 0.467 | 0.449 | 0.189 | 0.210 | |||||
100 | 0.877 | 0.445 | 0.244 | 0.990 | 0.747 | 0.841 | 0.852 | 0.456 | 0.516 |
Note: Rejection rates of panel unit root tests at nominal level α=0.05. P is Maddala and Wu (1999)’s Fisher test, Z is Demetrescu et al. (2006)’s modified inverse normal test, S is Hanck (2008)’s Simes test, CIPS is Pesaran (2007)’s cross-sectionally augmented IPS test, is Bai and Ng (2004)’s pooled test statistic on idiosyncratic components, is Chang (2004)’s test, is Palm et al. (2008)’s modified test, Wm is the modified TPM and W* is the bootstrap TPM.