Table 2.
Unadjusted models for odds of incorporating walking or cycling into car journeys.
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|
| Personal characteristics | ||
| Age (under 30) | ||
| 30–49 | 0.79 (0.41, 1.54) | 0.926 |
| 50 + | 0.92 (0.45, 1.85) | |
| Gender (reference: male) | ||
| Female | 1.11 (0.68, 1.81) | 0.683 |
| Weight status (reference: underweight or normal weight) | ||
| Overweight or obese | 0.68 (0.44, 1.04) | 0.074 |
| Work type (reference: sedentary) | ||
| Standing/manual | 1.45 (0.87, 2.44) | 0.158 |
| Difficulty walking (reference: no) | ||
| Yes | 0.67 (0.18, 2.43) | 0.549 |
| Children (reference: no children) | ||
| At least 1 child in the household | 0.87 (0.55, 1.35) | 0.525 |
| Urban–rural status (reference: urban) | ||
| Rural | 0.86 (0.57, 1.30) | 0.479 |
| Socio-economic characteristics | ||
| Highest educational status (reference: less than degree) | ||
| Degree | 0.97 (0.63, 1.50) | 0.890 |
| Housing tenure (reference: owns their home) | ||
| Privately rented/shared ownership/social housing | 0.82 (0.45, 1.50) | 0.519 |
| Index of multiple deprivation (reference: most deprived quartile) | ||
| Quartile 2 | 2.10 (1.15, 3.87) | 0.117 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.66 (0.90, 3.07) | |
| Quartile 4 (least deprived) | 1.86 (1.00, 3.45) | |
| Workplace-related characteristics | ||
| Distance to work (reference: < 10 km) | ||
| 10.01–19.99 km | 0.84 (0.47, 1.50) | 0.342 |
| 20 km and over | 0.77 (0.47, 1.29) | |
| Workplace car parking (reference: free parking) | ||
| Pay for parking | 4.28 (2.49, 7.37) | 0.001 |
| No parking | 26.4 (12.90, 53.83) | |
| Geographical context (reference: commuting to the heart from within the city) | ||
| Commuting to the outskirts from within the city | 0.40 (0.13, 1.23) | 0.111 |
| Commuting to the heart from outside the city | 0.61 (0.22, 1.69) | 0.348 |
| Commuting to the outskirts from outside the city | 0.45 (0.16, 1.23) | 0.121 |
| Perceptions of the route environment | ||
| Sum of perceived environment of route (reference: least supportive route (lowest tertile)) | ||
| Middle tertile | 1.95 (1.15, 3.35) | 0.001 |
| Reported the most supportive route (highest tertile) | 3.04 (1.95, 5.94) | |
| Psychological measures relating to car use | ||
| Mean intention to use car (reference: low) | ||
| High | 1.91 (1.25, 2.91) | 0.002 |
| Mean attitude towards car (reference: low) | ||
| High | 2.76 (1.79, 4.26) | 0.001 |
| Mean social norm (reference: low) | ||
| High | 2.74 (1.78, 4.21) | 0.001 |
| Mean PBC (reference: low) | ||
| High | 2.14 (1.40, 3.27) | 0.001 |
| Habit strength (reference: low) | ||
| High | 1.73 (1.13, 2.64) | 0.011 |
OR: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence intervals; PBC: Perceived behavioural control. Where one p-value is reported for several categories, it refers to a test for trend across the groups. Data collected in 2009 in Cambridge, UK.