Table 1.

The names, identities and characteristics described by the environmental metrics calculated for each plot. Each measurement of elevation is taken as the centre-point of one ‘cell’, and metrics are calculated only for those cells with eight neighbours (i.e. neglecting those at the plot edge). z, elevation; z_i, elevation of cell i; n_c, total number of cells; n_n, number of neighbours of each cell (=8); z_diff, difference in elevation between two (neighbouring) cells; sf_diff, surface distance between two cells.

name	identity	characteristic
elevation range	max(z) − min(z)	range
elevation standard deviation	sd(z)	range; roughness
surface : planimetric area ratio	following method in [56]	range; roughness
proportion of convex cells		roughness
mean slope		roughness