Figure 3.

Stress axis-related gene expression in offspring pituitary and adrenal glands was not significantly different between control (C), pubertal stress (P), or adult stress (A) groups. A–D, Real-time PCR analysis revealed no effect of paternal stress on pituitary CRFr1 (A), POMC (B), adrenal Mc2r (C), or 11βHSD-1 (D). Sex differences were observed, with males showing higher expression of CRFr1 and 11βHSD-1 and lower expression of Mc2r and POMC relative to females. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 6–8 litters per group. **p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0001.