TABLE 4.
Changes in cardiovascular risk factors associated with each tertile increase in SSB intake between 14 and 17 y of age1
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
||||
| SSB tertiles | Percentage of change (95% CI) | P2 | Percentage of change (95% CI) | P2 | Percentage of change (95% CI) | P2 |
| BMI | ||||||
| Girls (n = 660) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | — | — | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0.5 (−1.2, 2.2) | 0.59 | — | — | 0.4 (−1.3, 2.1) | 0.64 |
| 3 | 3.8 (1.8, 5.7) | <0.001 | — | — | 3.6 (1.5, 5.8) | 0.001 |
| P-trend | — | <0.001 | — | — | — | 0.002 |
| Boys (n = 706) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | — | — | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0.6 (−1.3, 2.5) | 0.54 | — | — | 0.3 (−1.6, 2.3) | 0.75 |
| 3 | 1.5 (−0.5, 3.5) | 0.14 | — | — | 0.8 (−1.3, 2.9) | 0.46 |
| P-trend | — | 0.14 | — | — | — | 0.46 |
| WC | ||||||
| Girls (n = 656) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | — | 0 | — | 0 | — |
| 2 | 1.2 (−0.3, 2.7) | 0.11 | 0.9 (0.02, 1.8) | 0.04 | 0.8 (−0.1, 1.7) | 0.08 |
| 3 | 4.2 (2.5, 5.9) | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.2, 2.2) | 0.014 | 0.9 (−0.2, 2.0) | 0.09 |
| P-trend | — | <0.001 | — | 0.011 | — | 0.07 |
| Boys (n = 704) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | — | 0 | — | 0 | — |
| 2 | 2.1 (0.5, 3.6) | 0.009 | 1.3 (0.4, 2.3) | 0.006 | 1.3 (0.3, 2.2) | 0.011 |
| 3 | 2.3 (0.7, 4.0) | 0.005 | 1.2 (0.3, 2.2) | 0.013 | 1.4 (0.2, 2.3) | 0.019 |
| P-trend | — | 0.007 | — | 0.019 | — | 0.025 |
| Triglycerides | ||||||
| Girls (n = 537) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | — | 0 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 4.2 (−1.8, 10.3) | 0.172 | 4.2 (−1.7, 10.2) | 0.17 | 3.8 (−2.4, 9.9) | 0.23 |
| 3 | 10.8 (4.2, 17.3) | 0.001 | 7.0 (0.4, 13.5) | 0.037 | 6.2 (−1.2, 13.7) | 0.10 |
| P-trend | — | 0.001 | — | 0.033 | — | 0.09 |
| Boys (n = 587) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | — | 0 | 0 | — | |
| 2 | 0 (−7.0, 7.0) | 0.99 | −2.2 (−9.0, 4.6) | 0.52 | −3.5 (−10.5, 3.5) | 0.33 |
| 3 | 10.4 (3.4, 17.5) | 0.004 | 8.4 (1.6, 15.3) | 0.016 | 6.7 (−0.8, 14.1) | 0.08 |
| P-trend | — | 0.003 | — | 0.011 | — | 0.06 |
| HDL cholesterol | ||||||
| Girls (n = 537) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | — | 0 | — | 0 | — |
| 2 | −1.2 (−4.6, 2.2) | 0.49 | −1.2 (−4.5, 2.1) | 0.46 | −1.4 (−4.8, 1.9) | 0.40 |
| 3 | −5.1 (−8.9, −1.4) | 0.007 | −2.2 (−5.9, 1.5) | 0.24 | −3.1 (−7.2, 1.0) | 0.14 |
| P-trend | — | 0.010 | — | 0.23 | — | 0.14 |
| Boys (n = 587) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | — | 0 | — | 0 | — |
| 2 | 0.4 (−2.8, 3.6) | 0.79 | 1.2 (−1.9, 4.2) | 0.45 | 1.9 (−1.2, 5.1) | 0.23 |
| 3 | −3.8 (−7.1, −0.5) | 0.024 | −3.1 (−6.2, 0.1) | 0.05 | −2.3 (−5.6, 1.1) | 0.19 |
| P-trend | — | 0.017 | — | 0.038 | — | 0.14 |
| Systolic blood pressure | ||||||
| Girls (n = 660) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | — | 0 | — | 0 | — |
| 2 | 0.2 (−1.1, 1.5) | 0.76 | 0.2 (−1.1, 1.5) | 0.79 | 0.1 (−1.2, 1.4) | 0.85 |
| 3 | 1.7 (0.3, 3.1) | 0.02 | 0.9 (−0.5, 2.3) | 0.22 | 0.8 (−0.8, 2.4) | 0.33 |
| P-trend | — | 0.02 | — | 0.24 | — | 0.36 |
| Boys (n = 706) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | — | 0 | — | 0 | — |
| 2 | 0.5 (−0.9, 1.8) | 0.51 | 0.1 (−1.2, 1.5) | 0.84 | 0.3 (−1.0, 1.7) | 0.62 |
| 3 | 0.7 (−0.7, 2.1) | 0.34 | 0.3 (−1.1, 1.6) | 0.69 | 0.8 (−0.7, 2.2) | 0.29 |
| P-trend | — | 0.34 | — | 0.69 | — | 0.29 |
Model 1 was a mixed linear regression model adjusted for age, pubertal stage, physical fitness, dietary misreporting, maternal education, and family income. Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 and for BMI. Model 3 was adjusted as for model 2 and for healthy and Western dietary pattern scores. SSB intake was determined according to population tertiles as follows: tertile 1: 0–0.5 serving/d (0–130 g/d); tertile 2: >0.5–1.3 servings/d (130–329 g/d); and tertile 3: >1.3 servings/d (331–2876 g/d), with the assumption that one serving is equivalent to 1 cup (250 mL or 8.45 oz) or 261 g. The percentage change (95% CI) in the outcome was associated with movement into the SSB tertile between 14 and 17 y of age relative to staying in the lowest tertile. SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage; WC, waist circumference.
z test [null hypothesis (Ho): Δ = 0].