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. 2012 Oct 22;4(4):1067–1105. doi: 10.3390/cancers4041067

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© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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TEM images of oleic acid-UCNPs dispersed in (A) cyclohexane and (B) citrate coated-UCNPs dispersed in water—Inset: HRTEM image of single nanoparticle ([104],reproduced by permission of Elsevier) and (ii) TEM images of NaYF₄:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ (C) oleate-stabilized, (D) ligand-exchanged with PVP ([108], reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry).