Table 2.

Risk factors for glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis

Risk factors
Dose and duration of therapy
Intra-articular administration
Polymorphisms in VEGF, GR, 11β-HSD2, COL2A1, PAI1, P-glycoprotein
Underlying disorders: renal insufficiency, transplantation, graft vs. host disease, inflammatory bowel disease, HIV, acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Dexamethasone causes greater skeletal complications than prednisone

VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, GR glucocorticoid receptor, 11β-HSD2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type2, COL2A1 collagen type II, PAI1 plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, HIV human immunodeficiency virus