Restored genes and pathways in saline-treated (HIV_Sal, left panel) and nicotine-treated (HIV_Nic, right panel) HIV-1Tg rats are shown. Compared with saline-treated F344 (F344_Sal) control rats, genes shown in red were increased, those shown in green were decreased, and those in gray had similar mRNA expression. AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog; CABP1, calcium-binding protein 1;Cacn, Ca2+ channel; CALM, calmodulin; CALM3, calmodulin 3; CAMK, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; CREB, cAMP-responsive element-binding protein; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; ERK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; G(olf), guanine nucleotide-binding protein complex, olfactory type; GNAL, guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha stimulating, olfactory type; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; GSR, glutathione reductase; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; NTRK2, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor, type 2; PKA, protein kinase A; PLCH1, phospholipase C, eta 1; POLR2C, polymerase (RNA) II polypeptide C; ROH, reduction product of reactive oxygen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species.