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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 26.
Published in final edited form as: J Biomech. 2013 Jun 12;46(11):1818–1824. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.05.007

Table 2.

Tendon Histology

Tendon Location Cell Shape p-value Cell Density p-value
CA OV CA OV
Long Head of the Biceps INS 0.11 ± 0.63 0.66 ± 0.09 0.72 2,137 ± 291 2,537 ± 1,677 0.61
INTRA 0.47 ± 0.03 0.51 ± 0.08 0.32 1,690 ± 303 1,270 ± 864 0.34
PROX 0.43 ± 0.05 0.48 ± 0.09 0.38 1,484 ± 327 1,795 ± 1,066 0.55
DIS 0.32 ± 0.1 0.39 ± 0.11 0.33 1,695 ± 560 1,489 ± 788 0.66
Upper Subscapularis INS 0.67 ± 0.1 0.52 ± 0.05 0.03* 1,763 ± 734 1,736 ± 288 0.95
MID 0.39 ± 0.06 0.44 ± 0.04 0.24 1,654 ± 489 1,859 ± 352 0.52
Lower Subscapularis INS 0.68 ± 0.06 0.51 ± 0.03 0.006* 1,419 ± 370 2,883 ± 1,590 0.13
MID 0.38 ± 0.06 0.35 ± 0.04 0.58 914 ± 202 2,772 ± 928 0.01*

Tendon histology was analyzed for differences in cell shape (aspect ratio; 0–1 with 1 being a circle) and cell density (cells per mm2) of the adjacent intact tendons. A significantly (*p<0.05) less rounded cell shape at the upper and lower subscapularis insertion site and an increased cell density at the mid-substance of the lower subscapularis tendon were observed with overuse (OV) compared to cage activity (CA). Data is shown as mean ± SD.