. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2013 Apr 23;6(4):516–527. doi: 10.1007/s12265-013-9462-3

Table 2.

Additional Biomarkers in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Inflammatory markers

• TNF-α^116-118

• C-reactive protein^119,120

• Interleukin (IL) 6^117,120 , IL 10^117,121,122, IL 18^123-125

• TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)^30,126

Neurohormones

• Norepinephrine^127,128

• Renin^127-129

• Aldosterone^130,131

• Angiotensin II¹³²

• Arginine vasopressin^127,133,134