Table 1.
Similarities and Differences between PD and Manganese Toxicity.
Parkinson’s Disease | Manganese Toxicity | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
Genetic Determination | Yes, can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. Approximately 10–20% of cases linked to genetic causes | No | [199] |
Selective DA sensitivity | Yes | Yes- however several studies have pointed to the selectivity of glutamate and possibly GABA | [57–59] |
Brain regions affected | Substancia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) primarily and striatum | Globus pallidus primarily but striatum, and substancia nigra may also be involved | [6, 19, 199] |
Mitochondrial dysfunction/ oxidative stress | Yes | Yes | [85, 199] |
L-DOPA responsive | Yes | Generally unresponsive to L-DOPA however, some motor symptoms reversed but with major side effects | [52] |
Symptoms | Emotional and cognitive decline, bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors and postural instability. | Extrapyramidal syndrome | [19, 49, 200, 201] |
Slowed hand movements, irritability, aggressiveness and hallucinations. | |||
Later stages: masked-face, forward-flexed posture, gait freezing, shuffling steps, GI issues | Later stages: Rigidity, tremor, gait disturbances (slow and clumsy movements), hypokinesia, facial muscle spasms, propensity to fall backward when pushed, less frequent resting tremor, more frequent dystonia, a “cock-walk” collectively referred to as ‘manganism’ |