Table 4.

Differences among groups in metrics measured

	Group
Matrix	Novice	Intermediate	Expert	Novice vs. intermediate (p value)	Expert vs. intermediate (p value)	Expert vs. novice (p value)
Time to complete exercise	2801 (1400–5823)	1795 (1258–3777)	1334 (1122–2327)	<0.01	0.17	<0.01
Economy of motion	3357 (2352–9851)	2580 (1987–3546)	2178 (2160–2959)	<0.01	0.53	<0.01
Instrument collisions	56 (23–180)	25 (12–80)	25 (10–37 )	<0.01	0.56	<0.01
Excessive instrument force	77 (77–554)	7 (1–164)	3 (0–70)	<0.01	0.86	0.03
Master workspace range	87 (78–118)	88 (76–101)	74 (72–91)	0.14	0.04	<0.01
Drop	1 (0–23)	1 (0–3)	0 (0–1)	0.25	0.63	0.16
Instruments out of view	24 (1–335)	9 (2–107)	5 (0–71)	0.11	0.90	0.19
Missed targets	42 (17–193)	24 (11–110)	15 (13–44)	0.03	0.41	0.01
Misapplied energy time	13 (3–73)	10 (4–37)	8 (3–22)	0.37	0.39	0.11
Broken vessels	0 (0–2)	0 (0–0)	0 (0–0)	0.22	1.00	0.34
Blood loss volume	27 (0–228)	22 (0–256)	0 (0–11 )	0.65	0.19	0.08
Total task score	520 (178–686)	671 (460–799)	766 (642–823)	<0.01	0.18	<0.01