Table 3.
Sociodemographic and nutritional correlates of anaemia among the study population: pregnant Indian women aged ≥18 and ≤40 years (n 366), enrolled in early pregnancy (≤14 weeks of gestation), urban Bangalore, December 2008 to November 2010
| Univariate analyses | Multivariable Model 1* (n 358) | Multivariable Model 2† (n 358) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | n/N | RR | 95 % CI | P value | Adjusted RR | 95 %CI‡ | P value | Adjusted RR | 95 %CI‡ | P value |
| Occupation | ||||||||||
| Working at home | 86/305 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·016 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·06 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·05 |
| Working outside the home | 25/58 | 1·53 | 1·09, 2·16 | 1·45 | 1·01, 2·09 | 1·40 | 1·01, 1·94 | |||
| Monthly family income | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (<Rs 5000) | 43/155 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·15 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·14 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·220 |
| Tertile 2 (Rs 5000–8000) | 26/98 | 0·74 | 0·52, 1·05 | 0·71 | 0·50, 1·02 | 0·76 | 0·55, 1·05 | |||
| Tertile 3 (>Rs 8000) | 42/112 | 0·71 | 0·47, 1·06 | 0·73 | 0·49, 1·08 | 0·79 | 0·53, 1·17 | |||
| Education | ||||||||||
| Less than high school | 37/95 | 1·43 | 0·94, 2·18 | 0·12 | 1·36 | 0·89, 2·09 | 0·24 | 1·49 | 0·98, 2·26 | 0·11 |
| High school | 49/177 | 1·02 | 0·67, 1·54 | 1·04 | 0·68, 1·57 | 1·10 | 0·73, 1·64 | |||
| More than high school | 25/92 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | |||
| Fe intake (mg/d) | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (<13·9) | 32/120 | 0·83 | 0·56, 1·23 | 0·55 | 0·76 | 0·51, 1·14 | 0·41 | – | – | |
| Tertile 2 (13·9–15·6) | 39/121 | 1·00 | 0·69, 1·44 | 0·89 | 0·62, 1·28 | – | ||||
| Tertile 3 (>15·6) | 39/121 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | – | ||||
| Folate intake (μg/d) | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (<260·6) | 42/120 | 1·46 | 0·98, 2·18 | 0·15 | 1·36 | 0·89, 2·07 | 0·34 | – | – | |
| Tertile 2 (260·6–293·5) | 39/121 | 1·34 | 0·89, 2·02 | 1·25 | 0·83, 1·89 | – | ||||
| Tertile 3 (>293·5) | 29/121 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | – | ||||
| Ca intake (mg/d) | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (<738·7) | 24/121 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·006 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·02 | – | – | |
| Tertile 2 (738·7–887·7) | 41/121 | 1·71 | 1·10, 2·64 | 1·59 | 1·04, 2·42 | – | ||||
| Tertile 3 (>887·7) | 45/120 | 1·89 | 1·23, 2·90 | 1·79 | 1·16, 2·76 | – | ||||
| P intake (mg/d)§ | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (<1147·1) | 25/121 | 1·00 | Ref. | <0·001 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·002 | – | – | |
| Tertile 2 (1147·1–1234·3) | 34/121 | 1·36 | 0·87, 2·13 | 1·28 | 0·82, 1·98 | – | ||||
| Tertile 3 (>1243·3) | 51/120 | 2·06 | 1·37, 3·09 | 1·96 | 1·30, 2·96 | – | ||||
| Fibre intake (g/d) | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (<4·1) | 30/121 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·15 | – | – | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·11 | |
| Tertile 2 (4·1–6·2) | 36/120 | 1·21 | 0·80, 1·83 | – | – | 1·18 | 0·80, 1·74 | |||
| Tertile 3 (>6·2) | 44/121 | 1·47 | 0·99, 2·17 | – | – | 1·46 | 1·01, 2·11 | |||
| Meat, poultry & fish intake (g/d) | ||||||||||
| Tertile 1 (<9·2) | 24/121 | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·002 | – | – | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·002 | |
| Tertile 2 (9·2–25·6) | 37/123 | 1·52 | 0·97, 2·37 | – | – | 1·35 | 0·87, 2·10 | |||
| Tertile 3 (>25·6) | 49/118 | 2·09 | 1·38, 3·18 | – | – | 1·94 | 1·29, 2·91 | |||
RR, relative risk; Ref. referent category.
P values (two-sided) are reported for the adjusted RR.
*Multivariable log-binomial regression of anaemia v. occupation, monthly family income, education, Fe, Ca, folate and P intakes.
†Multivariable log-binomial regression of anaemia v. occupation, monthly family income, education, fibre and meat, poultry & fish intakes.
‡Adjusted RR from a log-binomial regression model adjusted for the effects of the other variables in the model.
§Due to collinearity of Ca and P intakes (r = 0·8), the adjusted RR for dietary P intakes were obtained from a separate model adjusted for the effects of the other variables in the model.