Table 2.
Predictors of the Development of Depression over One Year a
| Univariate Analyses |
Multivariate Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 2224 observations) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| OR (95 %CI) | OR (95 %CI) | OR (95 %CI) | OR (95 %CI) | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age | ||||
| Age 20-39 | 1.3 (0.8,2.1) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.5) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.5) | 2.4 (1.4, 4.2) |
| Age 40-59 | 1.6 (1.0, 2.4) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.2) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.7) |
| Age 60+ (reference) | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 1.3 (0.7, 2.1) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) |
| Male (reference) | ||||
| Education | ||||
| High school graduate or less | 1.8 (1.0, 3.3) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.1) |
| Some college | 2.4 (1.5, 3.9) | 2.3 (1.4, 3.6) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.2) | 1.8 (1.1, 3.0) |
| College graduate | 1.7 (0.9, 2.8) | 1.7 (0.9, 2.8) | 1.16 (0.9, 2.7) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.6) |
| Post graduate (reference) | ||||
| Living below poverty threshold | 1.9 (1.3, 2.9) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino(a) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.8) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.4) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.8) |
| African American | 1.5 (0.8, 2.5) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.9) |
| Asian | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) |
| Other | 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) |
| Caucasian (reference) | ||||
| Baseline depression (CESD score) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.2) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.2) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) |
| Traditional cardiovascular risk and disease | ||||
| Heart disease | 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | |
| History of MI b or stroke | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | |
| Hypertension | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | |
| Diabetes | 2.6 (1.7, 3.9) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.7) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.7) | |
| Family History | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | |
| Obesity (Body Mass Index >30) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | |
| History of smoking | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | |
| Current smoking | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.1) | |
| SLE-specific disease characteristics | ||||
| Glucocorticoid use | 1.5 (1.2, 2.0) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) | ||
| Recent renal involvement | 1.4 (1.0, 1.8) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | ||
| Disease duration (years) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | ||
| Disease activity (SLAQc) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.7) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | ||
Note: Bold Font = significant at p<0.05 level
a
Depression defined as new incidence of Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Score (CESD) at or above 23 compared to the previous annual interview
b
MI – Myocardial infarction
c
SLAQ – Systemic Lupus Activities Questionnaire per 5 unit increment