Efficiency of apelin knockdown in primary amnion cells. Human primary amnion cells were transfected with or without 200 nmol/L apelin or NS siRNA (n = 6 patients) for 96 hours. A, Apelin mRNA expression was normalized to GAPDH mRNA expression and the fold change was calculated relative to NS siRNA transfected cells. Data were displayed as mean ± SEM. *P < .05 versus *P < .05 versus NS siRNA (paired sample comparison). B, Representative Western blot for apelin. GAPDH indicates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; mRNA, messenger RNA; NS siRNA, nonspecific small interfering RNA; SEM, standard error of the mean.