Figure 10.

Schematic diagram illustrating context dependency of rule representations, extending the model of cognitive control of Miller and Cohen (2001). Neurons in the frontoparietal cortex may encode rule-specific information when the rule is chosen (red circles), instructed (blue circles), or both (mixed-color circles). Context-independent regions are dominated by neurons that are activated under different contexts, while context-dependent regions also contain neurons that only respond under a particular context. Rule representations provide a regulatory bias of the learned associations between stimuli (S1, S2, and S3) and responses (R1 and R2), necessary to perform a given task. In the diagram, a task rule pertaining to a stimulus dimension of S1 is chosen, and the appropriate response (R1) is evoked under this rule.