Table 1.

Cellular behaviors observed during persistent viral infection

Plasmacytoid DCs	Increased IFN-I at onset of infection Impaired IFNα production in chronic phase of infection
myeloid DCs	Impaired DC function (↓MHC, ↓T cell activation) Expression of suppressive factors (IL-10, IDO, PD-L1)
CD4 T cells	Progressive loss of function associated with expression of inhibitory receptors and inhibition by IL-10 decreased IL-2 production likely decreases CD8 T cell response increased IL-21 production maintains function of anti-viral CD8 T cells and promotes B cell responses
CD8 T cells	Progressive loss of function associated with increased expression of inhibitory receptors and inhibition by IL-10
B cells	Elevated non-specific antibody production B cell deletion and intrinsic dysfunction
Lymphoid stromal cells	Disorganization and/or loss of FRCs decreases T cell survival and alters normal lymphocyte trafficking patterns increased PDL1 on FRCs prevents immunopathology but augments T cell exhaustion