Table 1.

Comparison of anergic-B-cell phenotypes

Mouse model	Antigen specificity	Developmental blockade	Lifespan	Phenotype in basal state	Outcomes of BCR aggregation (IgM-specific antibody)	Outcomes of TLR ligation	Refs
MD4× ML5	HEL	Yes, at T3 B-cell stage	Short	IgMlow, CD86low, high intracellular Ca2+, high ERK phosphorylation	Reduced Igα and Igβ Phosphorylation Reduced SYK phosphorylation No Ca2+ mobilization No activation-marker expression No proliferation	Normal proliferation Normal antibody secretion* Normal activation- marker expression	5,6,7,36
VH3H9× Vλ2	dsDNA	Yes, at immature B-cell stage	Short	IgMmid, CD80–, CD86– ,↑HSA, TCD44, ↑MHC class II	Reduced SYK phosphorylation No activation-marker expression No proliferation	No proliferation No antibody secretion	12,13
VH3H9× Vκ8	ssDNA	No	Normal	Normal	Normal Ca2+ mobilization Normal SYK phosphorylation Intermediate proliferation	Intermediate Proliferation No antibody secretion	12,14
VH125 × Vκ125	Insulin	No	Normal	Normal	Normal signalling (Igα, Igβ and SYK phosphorylation, Ca2+ mobilization) No proliferation	Normal activation-marker expression No proliferation No antibody secretion	26,61
VH2–12	ssDNA, Sm	Yes, at pre- plasma-cell stage	Normal or short	↑CD80, ↑CD40, ↑ CD44, slight increase in ERK phosphorylation	Normal SYK phosphorylation Weak proliferation	Normal proliferation Normal antibody secretion	21,22
VH2–12× Vκ8	Sm	No	Normal	↑CD95, ↑MHC class II, IgMmid	Normal SYK phosphorylation	No antibody secretion	24,53
Ars/A1	ssDNA	Yes, at T3 B-cell stage	Short (in vitro)	IgMmid, CD80hi, CD95hi MHC class IIhi, high intracellular Ca2+, high ERK phosphorylation	Reduced Igα and IgβPhosphorylation Reduced SYK phosphorylation No Ca2+ mobilization No activation-marker expression No proliferation No antibody secretion	Normal proliferation Normal antibody secretion* Normal activation- marker expression	28,30
An1	Mixed	Yes, at T3 B-cell stage	Short	ND	Reduced Ca2+ mobilization No activation-marker expression	Normal antibody secretion	29

^*Evidence suggests that this only occurs if in vitro cultures are free of dendritic cells and macrophages⁵³. BCR, B-cell receptor; dsDNA, double-stranded DNA; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; HEL, hen-egg lysozyme; HSA, heat-stable antigen; ND, not determined; Sm, Smith antigen; ssDNA, single-stranded DNA; SYK, spleen tyrosine kinase; T3, transitional 3; TLR, Toll-like receptor.