Fig. 3.

Cartoon representation of points of the developmental cycle of Schistosoma mansoni amenable to genetic manipulation. Both the mammalian stages involved in sexual reproduction and the snail stages with asexual reproduction are presented. Thunder bolts suggest accessible points of introduction of transgenes into the schistosome e.g. transgene delivery by electroporation, microinjection, etc. Black arrows indicate processes that occur naturally whereas white arrows represent processes that can be manipulated. Dashed line indicates events inside the snail. IVLE, in vitro laid eggs.