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. 2013 Jul 17;8(7):e69830. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069830

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© 2013 Sancheti et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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The scheme shows the PI3K/Akt pathway of insulin signaling and the effects of lipoic acid on the different components investigated in this study: (A) glucose uptake, (B) total GLUT3 and GLUT4 expression, (C) translocation of GLUT3 and GLUT4 to the plasma membrane from intracellular vesicles, (D) changes in IRS-Tyr⁶⁰⁸ /IRS-Ser³⁰⁷ ratio, (E) activation of Akt, (F) phosphorylation of GSK3β at Ser⁹, and (G) synaptic plasticity.