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Characteristics of the 28 patients with recurrent pectus excavatum
| Male:female ratio | 25:3 |
| Primary operation | |
| Ravitch procedure | 16 |
| Modified Ravitch procedure | 9 |
| Sterno-turnover procedures | 3 |
| Mean age at initial surgery (years) | 8.5 (range: 1–12) |
| Mean age at reoperation (years) | 14.6 (range: 11–17) |
| Median Haller index | 4.7 (range: 3.6–5.9) |
