Table 1.

Features selected for the manually developed predictor and the ODMS-generated predictor

Manually developed predictor features	ODMS-generated predictor features
Demographics	Demographics
Age value	Vital signs
Vital signs	Temperature
Diastolic BP	Heart rate
Mean pressure	Respiratory rate
Heart rate	Laboratory data
Respiratory rate	Anion gap
Systolic BP	BUN
Temperature	Chloride
Laboratory data	Spo2
BUN	Fio2 percent
Chloride	Sodium
Creatinine	WBC
Sodium	Chest x-ray results
Spo2	Single lobe infiltrate
WBC	Multi lobar infiltrates
Chest x-ray results	Nursing assessment
NLP finding	Abdomen not distended
Nursing assessment	Abnormal abdominal exam
Abnormal breath sounds	Abnormal breath sounds
Absent breath sounds	Alert and oriented ×3
Absent cough	Distended abdomen
Clear breath sounds	Dull aching pain
Coarse breath sounds	Dyspneic
Cough clears secretions	Firm abdomen
Cough doesn't clear secretions	Frequent cough
Crackles	Incisional pain
Decreased breath sounds	Moderate cough
Fine crackles	No abnormal cough
Frequent cough	No tenderness on palpation
Infrequent cough	Non-productive cough
Moderate cough	Not oriented to place
Non-productive cough	Not oriented to time
Abnormal breath sounds on expiration	Not oriented ×3
Abnormal breath sounds on inspiration	Oriented ×3
Productive cough	Pleuritic pain
Rales breath sounds	Productive cough
Rhonchi breath sounds	Rales breath sounds
Stridor breath sounds	Sharp stabbing pain
Strong cough	Soft abdomen
Tubular breath sounds	Strong cough
Upper airway congestion	Tender abdomen
Weak cough	Throbbing pain
Wheezes	Wheezes
ED chief complaint	ED chief complaint

BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; ED, emergency department; Fio₂, fractional inspired oxygen; NLP, natural language processing; ODMS, ontology-driven diagnostic modeling system; Spo₂, saturation of peripheral oxygen; WBC, white blood cells.